Whole tt6r

Automatic Clothesline Retrieval System for Household Use 1

INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The basic form of clotheslines became an integral part of both the urban and country life in the Philippines. Over the decades, there were multiple inventions and improvements made on the original model to create a tool that will be optimal for drying clothes. Not only was the focus laid on effectiveness but also on comfort and time. In the Philippines, a typical clothesline made up of plastic rope, metal wire, or cord using clothespins to fasten clothes for drying is still predominantly used unlike in other countries. The conventional way of drying clothes in the Philippines presents certain degree of inconvenience and health risk. When it comes to unforeseen weather condition such as sudden rainfall, it is inconvenient and time consuming to retrieve back the clothes one by one after hanging them from a typical household clothesline. Aside from this underlying issue, health concerns also arise due to the probability of rain becoming what is commonly known as acid rain. Acid rain can be considered a health hazard since pollutants that cause acid rain – sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NO) – interact in the atmosphere to form fine sulfate and nitrate particles that can be transported long distances by winds and inhaled deep into people's lungs. Many scientific studies have identified a relationship between elevated levels of fine particles and increased illness and premature death from heart and lung disorders, such as asthma and bronchitis (United States Environmental Protection Agency [U.S. EPA], 2016). To address this problem, the project seeks to bring precise control over conventional clotheslines by focusing on the automation of what is apparently the most important variable when drying clothes ‒ weather condition.

N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


The year 1830 marked the first known use of the word clothesline according to Merriam-Webster and based on the same source, the word clothesline is defined as a line (as a length of cord or wire) stretched over some distance for hanging and drying clothes. A published article dating back from 1860 written by June Torcasio, based on historical photographic evidence that she has examined, she has been able to conclude that Umbrella Clotheslines or Rotary Washing Lines could have been installed as early as 1860. This took place in Port Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. In recent years, there has been increased interest in improving the quality, use and model of clotheslines. There have been a number of factors that have contributed to this interest. For example, in 1911, Gilbert Toyne, a local Geelong farrier, wheelwright, and blacksmith in Melbourne, Australia had first patented his Aeroplane Rotary Clothes Hoist 73 years before the Hills Hoist was developed. In 1945, Lancelot (Lance) Leonard Hill developed Hills Hoist in Adelaide, South Australia. Since 1946, Hills Clotheslines have been known throughout the world for quality, durability and sustainability. Today, these products are known as Umbrella Clotheslines in North America and Australia or Rotary Washing Lines in Europe. Starting around the mid 1950's extruded clothesline became available into the market which is made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) that is extruded over synthetic fibers or a small wire. This presented many benefits including that it is waterproof and will not rot with extended usage. Thus, it is much easier to clean than a traditional cotton clothesline. Today, people most often refer to this product as Clothesline Wire. In the Philippines, however, commonly used clotheslines are made up usually with plastic rope or metal wire.



Problems of the Study By investigating current, timely and relevant issues pertaining to the conventional method of laundry system practiced in the Philippines, the material attests that there is a need apparently to eliminate inconvenience caused by such accepted norm. Problems arise concerning extended manual labor and obstruction in time management as far as drying the laundry is concerned. Aside from these problems, it is evident based from previous research conducted in 2014 by Department of Health (DOH) that such practice may cause common illnesses like influenza and waterborne infections as a result of exposing someone to rain in prolonged basis of time. Rain lowers the body's temperature which in turn makes the enzymes in our body work less efficiently. The immune system is dependent on these enzymes therefore rain may cause these common illnesses. Objective of the Study The objective of the material is to survey feasible solution for household laundry issue of drying clothes. The research focused on the household environment to determine a statistical analysis based on the collected sample data and make recommendations based on the outcome of the study. The expected outcome of the research was investigating the feasibility of using an automatic retrieval system for convenient retrieve-in of clothes during presence of the rain.

Hypothesis It is inconvenient to retrieve back the clothes from the clothesline especially during the rain. This can be prevented by using an automatic clothesline retriever system.

If this automatic clothesline retriever system can prevent such

inconvenience, then individuals who implement this system can ease their burden. N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


Significance of the Study The undertaking of the study facilitates technical information specifically pertaining to what the retrieval system does, how to assemble the components altogether, how to use it, and what can go wrong. In effect, the behavior and function of each components involved in the circuitry could be fairly investigated and the core restrictions are anticipated in particular to avoid troubleshooting phase in the process. In the electronics field, as much as the theoretical concepts adapt to both early and current state of technology relating to the study of the said project, the subsystems involved are widely used for other applications. In general, the study and construction of this retrieval system contained in the material provides theoretical foundation and practical knowledge pertaining to rain detector circuit, light sensor, solar s, Arduino Uno module, various Arduino shields, limit switches, Android platform application, and DC motor. The project aims that the material content, as a reference guide, is both accessible and fundamental to all relevant fields of study engaging into studies of Arduino programming, Android programming, and motor drivers. Scope and Delimitations Most electronic devices require DC voltage in order to operate properly. Voltage coming from the battery is of this type. However, ample use of batteries to power up devices generates considerably high electrical expenses. In order to subdue this, a solar is implemented in the design as a better alternative to generate lesser cost of electricity and to take advantage of the solar energy coming from the sun.



REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This project concentrates to the extent in which the results of the study are generalized among middle-aged women who particularly do the laundry task in a household setting either as a household helper or as a household member. Since the problem revolves around laundry issues concerning health, time management, and convenience, the project is intended for controlling a clothesline automatically. This project is mostly based on Arduino Uno syntax codes programmed into the Arduino microcontroller. With instant detection of the presence of rain using the rain sensor, hung clothes are moved astride the clothesline for retrieve-in since the DC motor becomes operational. To prevent travel of an object in a mechanism past some predetermined point, limit switches are used. When an object (laundry clothes) comes into with the actuator, the device operates the s to make or break an electrical connection. The program code in Arduino also functions as the instruction set for the Bluetooth Shield which integrates a Serial Bluetooth module for transparent wireless serial communication. The purpose is to let the have the option for wireless control over a distance using a mobile device. As to allow control using a mobile device over the clothesline system, a software application is programmed for the Android operating system (OS) of the device by using MIT App Inventor. To make it easy to connect cables and devices to the correct Arduino pins, a Sensor Shield is used. A sensor shield is not an active device. It simply connects the Arduino pins to many connectors that are ready to use to connect to sensors and other parts with simple cables. By using solar , the power source of the system comes from direct sunlight making its battery source rechargeable. Moreover, during night



time, by incorporating light sensor into the system, it enables the pulley system to be operational thus making the clothes also in retrieve-in mode. It is important to note that this approach to automatic clothesline system carries with it questions of relative efficiency, compatibility issues and excessive power consumption. One of the biggest constraints in Wireless Sensor Network Technology is energy consumption. Several wireless sensors utilize different approaches to conserve energy, but the energy stored is eventually exhausted and a new power source (battery) is needed. Majority of the batteries have less than a year lifespan in moderate use. Some advances have been made in the battery technology. One such advancement includes using batteries made with Lithium Thionyl Chloride, which is d to have a ten-year shelf life under certain condition. However, it is inconvenient to replace and dispose of dead batteries, which can be toxic to the environment. For many WSN applications, energy harvesting is more attractive that is why solar s are used in the system. Regarding compatibility of the mobile devices in controlling the system, it is only possible with phones having Android OS. Relative efficiency comes with the maximum capacity of the clothesline to the weight of the clothes, the maximum coverage and length of the clothesline, and the range of control specifically pertaining to the Bluetooth-based Android application. Prior art includes a retractable clothesline called Austral Retractaway 40 (Figure 1) developed by Austral Clothes Hoists, a clothesline company manufacturing a full range of clotheslines in Australia. This retractable clothesline is a heavy-duty clothesline that can hold a huge wash load for a family of 4 or 5. It has a unique line tension system that extends up to 8 meters, and retracts back to the wall when not in use. The long line length of this model is appropriate for narrow spaces. Any N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


ing posts can be fixed into the ground (grass or soil), or bolted down on top of an existing concrete area (plated post version). While the system is capable and robust, it is also very expensive and has limited functionalities. The Austral pricing chart (Figure 2) shows that the price of the product is about $200. A typical Filipino household investment with such product is less probable given its limited functionalities and lack of positive ing the viability of the product. Hence, a more appealing alternative must prove to be more integrated in of the hardware used and must be cheaper to produce while maintaining diverse functionalities, resulting in a feasible design and thus replacing the existing clothesline trends while at the same time significantly improving the efficiency and functionality of the application of clothesline.

Figure 1. Austral Retractaway 40 retractable clothesline

Figure 2. Austral Retractaway 40 price chart



Smart homes aim to provide enhanced convenience and comfort, energy efficiency, security and surveillance. It is claimed by market researchers that majority of homes will be outfitted with home automation systems in the very near future (Kumar & Lee, 2014). A project called “Android Based Smart Home System with Control via Bluetooth and Internet Connectivity” has some resemblance to the prototype made in this project considering that they are both controlled by smartphones. Although they can be both controlled via Bluetooth, this smart home system can also be controlled via Internet. The system is designed to control more than the switching functionality, such as security and surveillance (incorporating door locks, gate control, fire detection, and intrusion detection with alarm and notifications), authentication for accessing the smart home system, energy management, and automatic home environment control. Furthermore, the system also s voice activation for switching functionalities. In this present age, people live a very busy life. In such a situation, a person will always find ways of saving time. Household chores are the ones that are most dreaded upon. Especially for working women it becomes difficult to handle both home and office work together (Pandey , Kaushik, Kumar Jha, Kapse, 2014). The similarity between the Autonomous Home Cleaning Robot to Automatic Clothesline Retrieval System is that both application of the system has proven to be an efficient way of saving time. In addition, in both systems, the DC motors are being controlled by microcontroller. The microcontroller is makes both system automatic. The microcontroller is programmed in such a way that it takes the decision and changes the path of the robot as per the sensor inputs to avoid the obstacles. A timer is used to set the time limit for the cleaning process. The microcontroller of clothesline system



is programmed to retrieve in and out the clothes whenever rain sensor and LDR circuit are triggered. The rain sensor module (Figure 3) is an easy tool for rain detection. It can be used as a switch when raindrop falls through the raining board and also for measuring rainfall intensity. The module features a rain board and the control board that is separate for more convenience, power indicator LED and an adjustable sensitivity through a potentiometer.

Figure 3. Rain sensor module

A drive system for the clothesline system should be efficient enough to provide good movement to the string of the clothesline. The capability of any drive is the measure of load it can withheld. In order to carry load the current required is also large. Huh and Lee (1995) said that it would be possible to have accurate speed control for wide range of speed without torque ripple. The proposed system in the material inhibits the capacity to gain the desired speed control without the need of any kind of torque control algorithm. Using an H bridge motor driver (Figure 4), this enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction. An H bridge is used in the clothesline system to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards.



Figure 4. H-bridge motor driver

Android technology has been integrated to substantiate a secure control channel. In a prototype called “Solar-Powered Android-Based Speed Control of DC Motor via Secure Bluetooth” made by Indian engineers Abhishek Khanna and Priya Ranjan, DC motor is being controlled using smartphone and microcontroller. It is solar-powered and smartphone control can be accessed via Bluetooth similar to the clothesline prototype in this project. However, the difference is that in the prototype made by Khanna and Ranjan smartphone send to and receive data from the microcontroller while the retrieval system prototype in this project is made such that the smartphone can only send data to the microcontroller via Bluetooth. Mobile monitoring system has realized its potential by use of powerful features of Android platform. App Inventor for Android (Figure 5) is an open-source web application originally provided by Google, and now maintained by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It allows newcomers to computer programming to create software applications for the Android operating system (OS). It uses a graphical interface, very similar to Scratch and the StarLogo TNG interface, which allows s to drag-and-drop visual objects to create an application that can run on Android devices. In creating App Inventor, Google drew upon significant prior research in educational computing, as well as work done within Google on online



development environments. App Inventor and the projects on which it is based are informed by constructionist learning theories, which emphasizes that programming can be a vehicle for engaging powerful ideas through active learning. As such, it is part of an ongoing movement in computers and education that began with the work of Seymour Papert and the MIT Logo Group in the 1960s and has also manifested itself with Mitchel Resnick's work on Lego Mindstorms and StarLogo. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015)

Figure 5. MIT App Inventor Blocks Screen

Xie, Zhou, Li and Jia (2012) stated that development of friendly interface, terminal security, data push module and data analytical module are among the design aspects of mobile monitoring system based on Android. Therefore, the smart phone mobile monitoring system under Android system is supplementary role for original scene monitoring system. The concept of a free, renewable and inexhaustible supply of electricity harvested from the sun is an ideal scenario toward which many governments and green activists are striving. According to the Energy Savings Trust, the fastest growth in energy usage stems not from gas-guzzling cars or expanding jet travel, but from



consumer electronic devices (Sangani, 2007). One organization striving to improve the efficiency of current solar cells is the Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC), a research facility on the outskirts of Leuven in Belgium. Beaucarne’s team is also looking at manufacturing thin film solar cells on low-cost substrates such as glass or ceramics. The main challenge, as stated by Beaucarne, was to improve surface ivation (a process to protect it from oxidation or contamination). Moreover, according to Sangani, the use of solar power cells could prove a step forward in extending the time they can function while not plugged in- although significant obstacles would have to be overcome. Solar s (Figure 6) are one of the most promising renewable technologies. For solar installations, knowledge of the optimum tilt angle is important to have the maximum annual or seasonal energy yield. The annual optimum tilt angle is dependent on many factors such as the latitude of the location and the weather condition. In an urban application, the optimum tilt angle can be affected by the surrounding obstacles. Consequently, new concerns such as shading or sky blocking effects have to be taken into consideration. In this paper, a simple method is proposed based on a modified sky model to calculate the optimum angle of installation for the urban applications. The obtained results demonstrate the dependency of the optimum angle of installation on the latitude, weather condition and surroundings. Researchers claim that for small values of latitude, the optimum annual tilt angle is closer to the location’s latitude, while for the higher ones, it is smaller in comparison to the latitude. Therefore, both the latitude and the climate condition should be considered for calculation of the optimum tilt angle. The proposed method has been applied to a typical urban case and the result reveals the dependency of the optimum tilt angle to



the surrounding obstacles. According to Siraki and Pillay (2012), in addition to the latitudes and the weather conditions, the influence of the surrounding obstacles on optimum tilt angle should be considered when choosing the installation angles. It should be observed that not only the optimum tilt angle is influenced by the obstructions but also the optimum azimuth. Design of experiment is an important method to develop a model of the most influential, independent and controllable factors. In this paper, the studied factors under the experimental conditions showed that the most significant factors that affects the output power of the solar ; are the direction, angle, and their interaction. The developed model can be used to predict the output power under the same tested conditions. This model has a chance for optimization that will be done as a future work. A new model will be needed under different experimental conditions (Aburub, Kapourchali, Jewell & Aravinthan, 2014).

Figure 6. Solar

The popularity of wireless communication application is increased specially in the ISM band which provides services for free. Bluetooth is one of the technology in unlicensed band which becomes very useful nowadays in many short rage application because of its advantages like low power consumption, low cost, low size, universal N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


applicability, multiple simultaneous link. The Bluetooth Shield (Figure 7) integrates a Serial Bluetooth module. It can be easily used with Arduino for transparent wireless serial communication.

Figure 7. Bluetooth Module

Due to progress in related technologies in the past decades, the Bluetooth specification was developed in 1999 to substitute cables connecting portable or desktop devices and to build low-cost wireless networks. It emphasizes low complexity, power consumption, and cost target. It is crucial to implement digital baseband processing of Bluetooth in hardware and desirable to integrate the whole system on a chip to achieve the power and cost objective. Baseband modules as IP (intellectual property) cores enable those higher levels of integration through SOC (system-on-chip) design and reduce time to market. The tasks that the baseband module should perform vary significantly depending on the Bluetooth application. For the simplest applications, such as wireless headsets or cellular phone add-on dongles, even the entire application as well as a basic part of baseband layer protocols may be implemented in software on the baseband processor. Complex ones, on the other hand, expect the baseband controller to full baseband and host controller interface (HCI) functions, while the more complex upper layer protocols are processed on a host processor. N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


In this application of wireless portable memory access there are two main parts. One is DTE with Bluetooth transceiver and another is portable memory module. The simple architecture is as shown in Figure 8 as per the figure the DTE may be anything like Personal computer with Bluetooth transceiver or Bluetooth enabled laptop etc., which will be work as Master and another side module work as a Slave (Pannar, Dwivedi & Wandra, 2010).

Figure 8. System Overview



CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual paradigm (Figure 9) represents the system model of the project adapting to a timely, systematic and technical approach in solving the problems presented in this material. For inputs, solar power charging is adapted to run and supply power to the system whereas Arduino embedded coding is the foundation for control and automation of the design. The process involves detection of rain using a simple rain sensor circuit. It is incorporated in the system which functions mainly to activate pulley mechanism once rain is detected hence signaling retrieve-in of clothes. To initialize retrieve-out, rain must be wiped off from the rain sensor circuit signifying that the system is yet once again ready to sense possible occurrence of rain. Operation of both retrieve-in and retrieve-out incorporates an H-bridge module as a motor driver for programmable retrieve-in and retrieve-out of the clothes.

Input rain sensor light sensor

Process Arduino Uno H-bridge driver

Figure 9. Input and output process of the automatic clothesline model


Output motor


PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND RESEARCH DESIGN Block Diagram and Picture Diagram

Figure 10. Picture Diagram of the System

Figure 11. Block diagram of the system N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


A 12-volt rechargeable battery which is charged by a 20-watt, 12-volt solar technically serves as the power source to all modules and shields that constitute the whole system. The motor driver which is fed by the battery functions as the control input for driving the motor and supplies a 5-volt source for the Arduino module. The Arduino module will then supply enough voltage for the rain sensor, the LDR, and the Bluetooth module. Both sensors are intended as switching devices for activation of automatic retrieve-in and out of clothes. The Bluetooth module on the other hand feeds a signal to the pin output of the Arduino for triggering which consequently feeds a control signal to the motor driver which then operates the DC motor whether it is in forward or retrieve mode. Limit switches will then cause the motor to stop its operation at the base terminals of the clothesline preventing the travel of clothes in the mechanism past some predetermined point, mechanically operated by the motion of the clothes themselves. Flowchart This flow chart represents the algorithm used and the workflow or control process in the system. The system first identifies if it is in auto mode or manual mode of operation. In the auto mode, the system detects presence of rain and light intensity that will trigger the motor such that it moves forward or moves to retrieve in the clothes. Moreover, there are limit switches that serve as stop button for the motor. While in the manual mode, the system is controlled manually. A Bluetooth device will scan for the device (Bluetooth module), then the Bluetooth device sends command that will make the motor active.



Figure 12.a. System Flow Chart



Figure 12.b. System Flow Chart



METHODOLOGY Methods of Research Used To be able to gather the necessary data, a descriptive method is utilized using qualitative approach. This type of research methods involve describing in detail specific situation using research tools like interviews, surveys, and observations. In this case, qualitative research such as this is primarily exploratory in nature. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. As the sample size is typically small, respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota. (Sanchez, 1998) Saunders et al (2003) defines the descriptive survey method as one which looks with intense accuracy at the phenomena of the moment and then describes precisely what the researcher sees. Descriptive research design is concerned with describing characteristics of a problem. Questionnaires and interviews are the two methods used to elicit information in a descriptive research. Descriptive research design helps portray an accurate profile of persons, events and situations. A descriptive research design also allows for in-depth analysis of variables and elements of the population to be studied and as well as collection of large amounts of data in a highly economical way. It enables generation of factual information about the study. This is so because the descriptive design relies much on secondary data which helps in developing the case basing on facts, sustained by statistics and descriptive interpretations from archival materials and data.



According to Jewel (2001), secondary data is data that is collected for purposes other than the original use. It is an analysis of data that have already been collected for some other purpose. These may be contemporary or historical and the data may be qualitative or quantitative and usually needs adjustments and validation before being put to use. This data can include survey data and documentary data. Sources used to gather secondary data were document analysis collected from published and unpublished company documents and subject-relevant literature, internal company journals (monthly reports and newsletters) requested from the company understudy and frequent visits to related websites became crucial in collecting up to date secondary data as well as publications by renowned authors on security management. Using secondary data saves time and money since the work has already been done to collect the data. It avoids the problems associated with the data collection process. Unlike primary data, secondary data generally provides a source of data that is both permanent and available in a form that may be checked relatively easily by others. The published documents give the researcher extra information on the research problem. Some of the information may not be found within the organization. Data Gathering Instruments Data gathering tools are the instruments or tools for gathering data in research as basis for drawing conclusions or making inferences. Some of these tools are questionnaires, interviews, empirical observations, research and analysis used by the proponents as they conduct the proposed study. Observation. This technique is used when the researcher cannot secure



adequate or valid data through the use of the questionnaire or some other technique. It is considered to be the most direct means of studying people in so far as their overt behavior is concerned. Observation of a current operating procedure is another data gathering tool seeing the system in action gives you additional perspective and better understanding of system procedures. Research. Research is simply, the systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic or problem. It is systematic study or investigation or something for the purpose of answering questions posed by the researcher. It includes reviewing journals, periodicals, and books to obtain background information, technical material, and news about industry trends and developments. Questionnaire. A pre-written series of questions used in gathering important information’s from one or more persons. This will be given to the individual who have a direct bearing of the study and in order to satisfy the proponent’s goal that is to get and measure the opinions, polls and attitude of the respondents of the study. Under the Descriptive Research Method, the technique used is the Survey Method, which is otherwise known as normative survey. The results and findings of the study should always be compared with the standards. With the survey method, researchers are able to statistically study the specific areas where the proponents must concentrate. Findings regarding the common practices being done and the methods which are commonly adopted by the residents are obtained with the use of the survey method. Below are the Formulas used to arrive to the computation used by the Statistical Tool: 1. Mean. The proponents used the mean to be able to identify the range of interest. N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


The proponents obtained the Degree of Efficiency by using the formula: Mean = f (X1 + X2 + ... Xn) n Where: f = frequency that a given X was chosen by the respondents X = represents any of the numerical ratings 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, representing Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair, Poor respectively. n = total number of respondents 2. Weighted Mean. The proponents also used the weighted mean in order to weight the value of information according to its importance. Weighted mean (x) = f (X1 + X2 + ... Xm) n N Where: n = total number of criteria 3. T-Test. The proponents then used the T-Test in order to determine and compare the means of the two populations. T-Test = t computed = WMP – WME ∑MP² + ∑ME² n (n-1) Where:



WMP = weighted mean of the proposed system WME = weighted mean of the existing system ∑MP² = square of the summation of all ratings for proposed system ∑ME² = square of the summation of all ratings for existing system n = total number of respondents 4. CBA (Cost Benefit Analysis) P = F / ( 1 + i )n Where: P = present value F = total savings i = bank interest rate n = number of years 5. FD (Frequency Distribution). The number of observation for each of the possible categories in a data sheet. FD = n x 100% N Where: n = number of cases N = total population of respondents The analytical tools used in conducting the proposed system are the block diagram, system flowchart, IPO (Input Process Output) and Data Flow Diagram, N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


which are precisely discussed in this section for the development of the system. Block diagram. It is typically used for higher level, less detailed descriptions that is intended to clarify overall concepts without concern for the details of implementation. System Flowchart. It is formalized graphic representation of a program logic sequence, work or manufacturing process, organizing chart, or similar formalized structure. IPO or the Input Process Output. These are the components or elements that make up the system. It is also described as tools on the design of the entire software. Data Flow Diagram. This is a graphic illustration that shows the flow of data and logic within the system. Methods in Developing the System Different methods were used in developing the system. At this point, the work of the system analyst will be tested to its fullest ability. This is the part where the system analyst must be able to determine and explain the methods that will be used throughout the entire project. Software and hardware development is a tedious task not only for an engineer but also for the system analyst, because they will decide on the type, size and creativeness of the system. At this juncture, the methods used in developing the system must be explained and defined. The following are the system development methods, namely, software and hardware planning, software and hardware analysis, software and hardware design, software and hardware testing and software and hardware implementation. N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


Software and Hardware Planning. Such method designates a plan in which a system analyst must first identify. Identify meaning, to identify the product goals and requirement of the system. System analyst must also put into consideration the capabilities of the engineer before deciding the product itself. Software and Hardware Analysis. It can be considered as the most difficult phase because in this phase raw materials and information must be first examined thoroughly before converting it into a functional system. Software and Hardware Design. Design is a visualization of the outcome of a product but then both in software and hardware design phase, time is very essential because deg is a tedious task. It takes a long period of time to ensure efficiency, maintainability and reliability of the hardware and software. Software and Hardware Development. Development is the systematic use of scientific and technical knowledge to meet specific objectives or requirements. During this phase, critical attention to detail and design is applied before proceeding to testing. Software and Hardware Testing. A stage or phase where the proposed system will be given to a of critics and end-s for testing. In this way, the developer can determine the response of the whether the system works or not. Software and Hardware Implementation. The phase of the software and hardware development method where software as well as hardware have already been debugged, documented and tested. The objective of the implementation phase is to deliver a completely functioning and documented information system. Software and Hardware Operation and Maintenance. Maintenance keeps



the system functional at an acceptable level, correct errors and adapts changes in the new environment to provide new features and benefits. For appraisal of the proposed system, different methods are used correspondingly for product evaluation. This part consists of the methods used in evaluating the proposed system in of accuracy, efficiency, reliability, speed, portability and friendliness which leads to the integrity of the proposed system. Technical Feasibility. The proposed system is technically feasible since computerization of the existing data and is possible and the components and modules needed for the system are widely sold in the market.

Market Feasibility. A market feasibility study determines the depth and condition of a particular real estate market and its ability to a particular development. The key concern of a market feasibility study for multifamily development is a project's ultimate marketability. Therefore, the market feasibility study must determine what the current condition of the market is and how the market will respond to the proposed project. CBA (Cost Benefit Analysis). CBA is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives. It is used to determine options that provide the best approach to achieve benefits while preserving savings. Evaluating hardware and software, identifying and forecasting cost and benefits and performing cost benefit analysis are all necessary activities the system analyst must accomplish in preparing material for the system proposal. Below are given criteria which serve as basis for testing the proposed system if it really is working and functional. This is to determine if the proposed system is N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


operationally feasible to apply or implement. Accuracy. The ability to be precise and avoid errors and the correctness or truthfulness of something especially in the mathematical computation of sales so that the business will not suffer from any losses. Efficiency. The ability to do something well or achieve a desired result without wasted energy or effort, or the degree to which this ability is used in the system. Reliability. The ability to be trusted to do what is expected or has been promised. The ability to be trusted, to be accurate or correct to provide result. Speed. To reach the maximum or desirable rate of movement or progress. To be or become fully informed about the latest developments, to accomplish things in a manner that consumes less time. Speed is the main concern of the proponents so that the proposed system will be implemented successfully. In using computer based program and the idea of automation, speed requirement should be satisfied. -Friendliness. Understandable software applications. Easy access and easy to use Windows based system. Portability. The ability to transfer software application to another computer. The proposed system is hosted online so that s can easily access the system wherever they are as long as there is internet access.



PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA The credibility of findings and conclusions extensively depend on the quality of the research design, data collection, data management, and data analysis. This chapter will be dedicated to the description of the methods and procedures done in order to obtain the data, how they will be analysed, interpreted, and how the conclusion will be met. This section is to justify the means in which the study was obtained and will help in giving it purpose and strength as it will then be truthful and analytical. All these will help in the processing of the data and the formulation of conclusions. Specifically, this research will cover the following: the research design and method, the respondents or subjects to be studied (which will include the sampling method), the data collection instrument, and the data analysis. Thirty resident mothers who have been chosen in this study accomplished a survey questionnaire to evaluate where do they usually hang their clothes to dry, how frequent do they keep the clothes on check for the possibility of rain, and whether they are in favor of implementing an automatic retrieval system at their homes. The results of the survey were then processed by computing the percentile of each survey item. The computed values were compared to a bar graph and pie chart for data interpretation. Relevant literatures were also used to the gathered findings. The questionnaires were delivered in person. They were distributed in after initial communication with the respondents to seek consent. The respondents were given ten minutes to answer the questionnaires after which they were collected for analysis. No public postal service or email service was used to distribute questionnaires. The questionnaires are being answered accordingly to the priority of concern by using predetermined sets of questions with predefined ranges of answers



so as to avoid any conflicting series of response. Family Household Sample frame

Population

Sample size

San Jose Matulid,

1,000 families

30 families

Mexico, Pampanga Table 1. Distribution of questionnaires

Option

Frequency

Outdoors

28

Indoors

2

Total

30

Table 2. Physical surrounding of dry-time of clothes

Option

Frequency

Yes

18

No

12

Total

30

Table 3. Real-time supervision of clothes for dry-time

Option

Frequency

In Favor

30

Not in Favor

0

Total

30

Table 4. Approbation of implementing a retrieval system



35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Table 1

Table 2

Table 3 a

b

Figure 13. Frequency distribution

Moisture Level Effect Objective: The objective of this test is to describe the rain sensor that determines whether each individual target is functional and whether each target has the appropriate sensitivity for detecting moisture or rain. Test Setup: The test function associated with the moisture responsive rain sensor is a functional test rain sense circuit portion of the Automatic Clothesline Retrieval System. The test will be performed in 2 sets, each having different raindrop sizes as test medium. Moisture level will be measured using Arduino Uno module connected to a computer. After all the necessary data has been gathered, a linear relationship between two variables is interpreted by using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Methodology: Actual measurement of rain sensor at different raindrop sizes.



Sequencing of tests: Two tests will be done: 1. Empirical moisture level at 0.2 mm 2. Empirical moisture level at 0.5 mm Format of Results: We will take note of the rain sensor output values with respect to an input rain drop size.

600 500 400

200 100 0

Light rain (0.5 mm)

Moisture level

300

Drizzle (0.2 mm)

Figure 14. Rain sensor sensitivity at different raindrop sizes

Figure 15. Scatter diagram of the two variables for correlation analysis N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


All the data gathered will be used to get the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient which is a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between the two variables. This relationship is given by the following equations:

where

As can be seen from the graphs and results, different raindrop sizes affect whether the rain sensor is capable of detecting rain or not. Sensitivity of rain sensor to the raindrop size decrease as the rain drop size is smaller. A higher moisture level at 500 and higher will indicate that rain is not detected. Otherwise, at a moisture level lower than 500, rain is detected. The threshold for rain detection is therefore at 0.5



mm (light rain). A lower value like 0.2 mm (drizzle) will not cause the rain sensor to detect rain based from the results. With correlation of positive 0.1902, the strength of linear relationship between the two variables is very weak. Therefore, we can safely say that the two variables are not correlated. Luminance Intensity Effect Objective: The objective of this test is to determine the effect of incident light intensity absorbed by a photoresistor through prolonged basis of time. Test Setup: The photoresistor test will be done outdoors and will be exposed to under the heat of the sun for prolonged basis of time when the sun’s temperature is rising at its peak level during the day. The LDR’s transfer function of photon sensitivity will be interpreted by the Arduino module for transparent data collection. The test will be performed in ten sets each having time duration of 18 minutes for a total of 3 hours starting from 12:00 PM to 3:00 PM. After all the necessary data has been gathered, centrality and variation statistics are used in order to interpret the data. Methodology: Empirical measurement of photoresistor sensitivity for 3 hours. Sequencing of tests: Ten set of tests will be done: 1. Incident light intensity from 12:00 PM to 12:18 PM N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)


2. Incident light intensity from 12:18 PM to 12:36 PM 3. Incident light intensity from 12:36 PM to 12:54 PM 4. Incident light intensity from 12:54 PM to 1:12 PM 5. Incident light intensity from 1:12 PM to 1:30 PM 6. Incident light intensity from 1:30 PM to 1:48 PM 7. Incident light intensity from 1:48 PM to 2:06 PM 8. Incident light intensity from 2:06 PM to 2:24 PM 9. Incident light intensity from 2:24 PM to 2:42 PM 10. Incident light intensity from 2:42 PM to 3:00 PM Format of Results:

1005 1004 1003 1002 1001 1000 999 998 997 996 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Light Intensity

Figure 16. Incident Light Intensity Exhibited by the Photoresistor


9

10


Sample Standard Deviation, s

1.9550504398154

Variance (Sample Standard), s2

3.8222222222222

Population Standard Deviation, σ

1.8547236990991

Variance (Population Standard), σ2 3.44 Total Numbers, N

10

Sum:

10014

Mean (Average):

1001.4

Table 5. Statistical analysis Confidence Level Range 68.3%, σ

999.44494956018 - 1003.3550504398

90%, 1.645σ

998.1839420265 - 1004.6160579735

95%, 1.960σ

997.56810113796 - 1005.231898862

99%, 2.576σ

996.36379006704 - 1006.436209933

99.9%, 3.291σ

994.96592900257 - 1007.8340709974

99.99%, 3.891σ

993.79289873868 - 1009.0071012613

99.999%, 4.417σ

992.76454220734 - 1010.0354577927

99.9999%, 4.892σ 991.83589324842 - 1010.9641067516 Table 6. Confidence level range As can be seen from the graphs, results show that with increasing incident light intensity the resistance of a photoresistor decreases; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity at a relative amount.



CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion

The work undertaken throughout the project has fulfilled the key aims and objectives of the project including statistical analysis of the system, the design and implementation of software and hardware, development process, simulations and series of tests. The group was successful in completing all tasks outlined in the proposal, with the exception of the proposed logic IC implementation which is apparently may be omitted due to unpractical and unnecessary usage.

The skills developed through undertaking this project include text processing and Arduino programming. The group has also thoroughly researched and learnt how to implement and evaluate statistical techniques including correlation analysis, standard deviation calculation and confidence level and developed skills in using Microsoft Excel software to perform statistical analyses.

The main conclusions drawn from the project work include that the Automatic Clothesline System for Household Use is feasible and makes life more convenient.

Recommendations The foregoing description of the study has been directed to a particular preferred embodiment for purposes of explanation and illustration. It will be apparent, however, to those skilled in this art that many modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the study. It is the applicant's intention on the following claims to cover all equivalent modifications and variations as fall within the scope of the study as defined by the following claims.



REFERENCES

Microcontrollers, Microprocessors and Microsystems (volume 3 no. 6, pp. 294-295) Low voltage microcontrollers, Newsfile (1993) (volume 17 no 2, p. 109) G. J. Lipovski (1994), Object-Oriented Interfacing to 16-bit Microcontrollers, Microprocessors and Microsystems (volume 18 no. 1) UK-Youl Huh, Je-Hie Lee and Tae-Gyoo Lee, A Torque Control Strategy of Brushless DC Motor with Low Resolution Encoder, Dept. of Electrical Engineering Inha University, South Korea Kuang-yao Cheng, Chih-Tsung Yao andYing-Yu Tzou, Adaptive Target Positioning Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Low-Reolution Shaft Enconders, Power Electronics & Motion Control Lab Nghia Truong Van, Seung Joon Lee, Chang Won Lee and Ki Hwan Eom, An Implementation of Laundry Management System Based on RFID Hanger and Wireless Sensor Network, Dept. of Electronics Engineering Dongguk Univ., 978-4673-1378-0/2012 IEEE Mohamed Lachgar and Abdelmounaim Abdali, Generating Android Graphical Interfaces using an MDA Approach, Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science(LAMAI), 97-4799-5979-2/2014 IEEE Prof. Chandrasinh D. Parmar, Prof V. V. Dwivedi, and Prof. H. H. Wandra, Firmware For File Transfer Between Bluetooth Module and Flash Memory Through Microcontroller in an Emerging Concept of Wireless Portable Memory Access, E.C. Department, 978-1-4244-7770-8/2010 IEEE M.S Sheka, Richard K. Williams, Mohamed Darwish, and Rocky Lee, A Robust Lateral Power MOSFET Buffered H Bridge Motor Driver Power IC, Siliconix Inc., 2201 Laurelwood Rd., Santa Clara, CA 95054, 0-7803-3993-2/1997 IEEE Zhenyu Chen, Changsong Dai, and Gang Wu, High Performance Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite cathode material for lithium ion batteries studied in pilot scale test, Electrochimica Acta, 013-46686/S Chenhui Xie, Jian Zhou, ShanShan Li, and LuYing Jia, The Design and Implementation of Mobile Monitoring System of Transmitting Station Based on Android Platform, ScienceDirect, IERI Procedia 3 (2012) pp. 81-86 Ahmed A. Mahfouz, Gamal M.Sarhan and Abdel-Naser A. Nafeh, Microcontroller Implementation of Direct Torque Control, Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields, Int. J. Numer (2005); 18:85-94 Joseph-Jean Paques, Limit Switches: Selection for Safety, Institut de Reserche, 0019-0578/94 Elisevier Science B. V. N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)

Automatic Clothesline Retrieval System for Household Use 40 Boseun Kim, Cheolwoo Kim, Sangchan Han and Soowoon Kim, Non-Epi CMOS Smart Power IC with Four H-Bridge Motor Drivers for Portable Applications, Dept. of Electronics Engineering, Korea Univ., 0-7803-3073-0/1996 IEEE Haneen Aburub and Mohammad Heidari-Kapourchali, Performance Characterization of a Solar : Case study, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 9781-4799-5904-4/2014 IEEE Arbi Gharakhani Siraki and Pragasen Pillay, Study of tilt angle for solar s in different latitudes for urban applications, Solar Energy 86 (2012) 1920-1928



Appendix A Initial Title Proposal

Automatic Clothesline Retrieval System Using Microcontroller

When it comes to unforeseen circumstances such as rainy days, it is inconvenient to retrieve back the clothes hung from the clothesline. For instance, when people are busy doing other important tasks but suddenly it rains, they forget at times that they dry their laundry outside. This unwanted scenario is what pushed the proponents to think of a way on how to prevent this from happening. To solve this problem and in order to lighten the burden during unprecedented rain, the project proposed an automatic clothesline pulley system that simplifies the process of hanging and retrieving back clothes. Aside from this, pulley clotheslines offer a more open area with greater exposure to the wind and sun, allowing clothes to dry faster. This can also handle heavier loads and is easy to customize.

Figure A. Initial title proposal



Appendix B.1 Adviser Request Letter Republic of the Philippines Commission on Higher Education Higher Education Region III Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Electronics Engineering January 06, 2017 Engr. Nilo Q. Manuntag Faculty Member College of Engineering and Architecture Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University Sir: The proponents, namely Canlas, Janrick A; Mago, Kimberly S.; Serrano, Kirson B.; Puno, Jerome C. and Zapanta, Kenen V. are asking for your permission to be one of our “Academic Advisers” in pursuing the academic course of Feasibility Study. In line with this, we are requesting you to help and give us information for the completion of our project proposal entitled “ Arduino Based Automatic Clothesline Retrieval System For Household Use”. We look forward to your favorable response on this request and please accept in advance our sincere gratitude for the assistance you will extend to us.

Respectfully,

Janrick C. Canlas

Kirson B. Serrano

Kimberly S. Mago

Kenen V. Zapanta

Jerome C. Puno

Approved by: __________________________ Engr. Nilo Manuntag Project Adviser

Figure B.1. Adviser Request Letter



Appendix B.2 Survey Form Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University College of Engineering and Architecture Department of Electronics Engineering

Name:

Age:

Address:

Marital status:

Please answer the following by putting check mark inside the box. 1. Where do you usually hang your clothes to dry?

Inside the house

Outside the house

2. Do you frequently leave your clothes outside the house after finishing the laundry?

YES

NO

3. Are you in favor if our group implement an automatic clothesline retrieval system that will help you to retrieve your clothes with the use of smartphone? YES

Figure B.2. Survey Form


NO


Appendix B.3 Evaluation Form Name: ________________________________

Date: _________________

Instruction: Kindly evaluate the study “Automatic Clothesline Retrieval System for Household Use” according to the following criteria: innovativeness, efficiency, reliability, convenience and friendliness. Put a mark on the box that corresponds to your assessment based on the rating scale below. Excellent (E) Very Satisfactory (VS) Satisfactory (S) Fair (F) Poor (P)

= = = = =

5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point

Criteria

E

VS

S

F

1.Innovativeness  To operate using smartphones via Bluetooth.  To save power by charging the battery thru solar  Monitoring the weather with the rain sensor circuit 2. Efficiency  To operate the intended task and that is to retrieve the clothes when it rains. 3. Reliability  The ability of the system to provide a reliable monitoring system specifically to the weather. 4. Convenience  It gives conveniency to the specially in saving time and energy. 5. -friendliness  It is the ability of the system to be easily operated. Comments/Suggestions: _______________________________________________________________________________ Signature

Figure B.3. Evaluation Form


P


Appendix B.4 Gantt Chart

AUTOMATIC CLOTHELINES RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR HOUSEHOLD USE

ACTIVITY

MONTH WEEK

Deg of circuit Simulation via software Purchasing of materials Arduino Programming Breadboard simulation Troubleshooting Circuit Revision Final simulation Frame construction Combining of Modules Testing and Troubleshooting Evaluation Final Submission

Legend : Task completed

Figure B.4. Gantt Chart


January 1

2

3

February 4

1

2

3

March 4

1

2

3

4


Appendix C Schematic Diagram

Figure C. Schematic Diagram



Appendix D.1 Foil Pattern

Figure D.1. Rain sensor

Figure D.1.1 Solar charger Foil



Appendix D.2 Placement Guide

Figure D.2. Solar Charger



Appendix D.3 AutoCAD Design

Figure D.3

Figure D.3.1



Figure D.3.2

Figure D.3.3



Figure D.3.4



Appendix E Program Code

Arduino Program int motorPin1 = 3; int motorPin2 = 4; int enablePin = 5; int state; int flag=0; int mode; int nRainDigitalIn = 2; int nRainVal; boolean bIsRaining = false; boolean switch2= LOW; boolean switch1= LOW; boolean pvswitch2 = LOW; boolean pvswitch = LOW; String strRaining; int limswitch1= 6; int limswitch2=7; int latch = 0; int LDR = 0;


Automatic Clothesline Retrieval System for Household Use 53 int LDRValue = 0; int light_sensitivity = 300; void setup() { pinMode(motorPin1, OUTPUT); pinMode(motorPin2, OUTPUT); pinMode(enablePin, OUTPUT); pinMode(2,INPUT); pinMode (limswitch1, INPUT); pinMode(limswitch2,INPUT); digitalWrite(enablePin, HIGH); Serial.begin(9600); } void off() { digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW); digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW); } void loop() { switch1 = digitalRead(limswitch1); switch2 = digitalRead(limswitch2); Serial.print(strRaining); if (Serial.available()>0) { N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)

Automatic Clothesline Retrieval System for Household Use 54 flag=0; state = Serial.read(); Serial.print(state); } else { bIsRaining = !(digitalRead(nRainDigitalIn)); LDRValue = analogRead(LDR); if (latch == 0) { Serial.println("auto"); if ((LDRValue < light_sensitivity)||(bIsRaining) ) { if (switch1== HIGH) { digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW); digitalWrite(motorPin2, HIGH); Serial.println("Motor: right"); } else { off(); } } else { if (switch2== HIGH) { N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)

Automatic Clothesline Retrieval System for Household Use 55 digitalWrite(motorPin1,HIGH); digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW); Serial.println("Motor: left"); } else { off(); } } } } { if (mode == '4') { latch = 1; Serial.println("manual"); if (state == '1') { Serial.println("Motor: forward"); if (switch1== HIGH) { digitalWrite(motorPin1, LOW); digitalWrite(motorPin2, HIGH); if(flag == 0) { Serial.println("Motor: forward"); N6 (Canlas, Mago, Puno, Serrano, Zapanta)

Automatic Clothesline Retrieval System for Household Use 56 flag=1; } } else { off(); } } else if (state == '2') { Serial.println("Motor: reverse"); if (switch2== HIGH) { digitalWrite(motorPin1,HIGH); digitalWrite(motorPin2, LOW); if(flag == 0) { Serial.println("Motor: reverse"); flag=1; } } else { off(); }



} } } if (state== '4') { mode = state; } if (state=='0') { mode = state; latch = !latch; } }



Appendix F Bill of Materials Item Name

Quantity

Units

Unit Cost

Cost

Square Tubing

5

20 ft. /pc.

Php. 190.00

Php. 1140.00

Solar (20W 12 Volts)

1

1 pc

Php.1000.00

Php.1000.00

Battery (12 Volts,7.2 Ah)

1

1 pc

Php.500.00

Php.500.00

Plain Steel Sheet

1

8x4ft./rol

Php.400.00

Php.400.00

l Case

1

1 pc

Php.185.00

Php.185.00

Pulley

4

1pc

Php.100.00

Php.400.00

Stranded Wire

10

1m/pc

Php.10.00

Php.100.00

Bolts and Knots (10)

4

2/pc

Php.2.00

Php.8.00

Motor Driver (L293d)

1

Pc

Php.300.00

Php.300.00

Arduino UNO

1

Pc

Php.490.00

Php.490.00

Sensor Shield

1

Pc

Php.180.00

Php.180.00

Bluetooth Shield

1

Pc

Php. 500.00

Php.180.00

Motor chain

1

Pc

Php.60.00

Php.180.00

Belt/Rope

1

16ft

Php.150.00

Php.150.00

Rain Drop Sensor

1

1

Php.65.00

Php. 65.00

Grand Total = Php. 5,278.00

Table F. Bill of Materials



Appendix G Cost Benefit Analysis Cost of using Clothesline System Category

Details

Cost in First Year

Equipment Cost

Clothesline system with solar

₱ 5,278

Total = ₱ 5,278

Table G. Cost of using Clothesline System

Benefit of using Clothesline system

Category

Details

Saves Time

The system can be operated using smart phones via bluetooth

Power Consumption

Provide Conveniency

No additional electrical bill since the battery will be charge by the solar .

Gives peace of mind to the since the system monitors the weather to prevent the clothed from getting bathed to rain.

Cost in First Year

₱ 0.00

₱ 0.00

₱ 0.00

Total ₱ 0.00

Table G.1 Benefit of using Clothesline system



Appendix H Datasheets L298D







LM317



BC548 Transistor





LC-P127R2P



Arduino Uno





Rain Sensor Module





Bluetooth Module





DC Motor



Solar



Appendix I Curriculum Vitae













Appendix J Documentation Evidences

Purchasing of Materials

Pulley

Solar


Casing for Modules


Arduino Programming

Conducting of Survey



Motor and Rain Circuit Testing

Design Structure



Construction of Structure Frame

Wiring and Assembling of Modules and the Whole Structure



Testing


Whole tt6r

Overview 1s532p

More details 6h715l

Related Documents 2w1qw

Whole tt6r

Whole Foods 73y5g

Vfrg Whole 1w632t

02 Whole 493w2v

Whole Foods 73y5g

Whole Milpersman 5i2r6v

More Documents from "Jerome Puno" 434s1a

Whole tt6r

Faerun Underdark Pdf 2w1t1u

434193226 God S Generals The Revivalists Roberts Liardon Pdf 1f3n6t

Mastering Metrics 38460063 35bf

Colossians Commentary Pdf 2e2x6v

Chapter 10 Values And Virtues 482027