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APA Referencing Guide
Compiled by USQ Library
Disclaimer:
This guide is accurate at the time of publication (September 2016). For a comprehensive and current version of the APA Referencing style check the USQ Online APA guide at http://www.usq.edu.au/library/referencing/apa-referencing-guide
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Contents APA Referencing Style.......................................................................................................... 3 List of References ................................................................................................................. 3 How to cite references within the text of an assignment ........................................................ 3 1.
2
3
Reference List and In-Text Citations Examples.............................................................. 4 1.1
Books (print and online) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2
Journal and newspaper articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.3
Web documents and sites ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
1.4
Other electronic media .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
1.5
Audiovisual examples ............................................................................................................................................................................... 22
1.6
Legislation and legal authorities ................................................................................................................................................................ 26
1.7
Unpublished works ................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
1.8
Proceedings and technical reports ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
1.9
USQ course materials ............................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Further Information on In-Text Citations ....................................................................... 35 2.1
Paraphrasing ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 35
2.2
Quotes ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
2.3
Images from other sources ....................................................................................................................................................................... 39
2.4
Images with a Creative Commons Licence ............................................................................................................................................... 39
2.5
Publication dates ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Additional help ............................................................................................................. 41 3.1
More information and additional guides .................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.2
Need additional help applying these guides? ............................................................................................................................................ 41
3.3
Assignment help ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
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APA Referencing Style Academic conventions and copyright law require that you acknowledge when you use the ideas of others. In most cases, this means stating which book or journal article is the source of an idea or quotation. This guide draws from the: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. University policy mandates the use of the APA Style defined by this referencing guide.
List of References
The reference list includes only the sources you have used in any submission. APA Style requires reference lists, not bibliographies. The reference list begins a new page with the centred heading - References Double-space all reference entries.* Reference list entries should be indented half an inch (five to seven spaces) on the second and subsequent lines of the reference list for every entry - a hanging indent is the preferred style. (i.e. entries should begin flush left, and the second and subsequent lines should be indented). Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author as the letters appear (e.g. M, Mac, MacD, Mc). If the list contains more than one item published by the same author(s) in the same year, add lower case letters immediately after the year to distinguish them (e.g. 1983a). If there is no author, the title moves to the author position (filed under the first significant word of the title). If the title in this instance begins with numerals, spell them out. States and territories are abbreviated in the location section of the publication information. For U.S. states, use the official two-letter postal service abbreviation (e.g. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill). Spell out country names if outside Australia or the United States.
How to cite references within the text of an assignment Use the author-date method of citation for quotations (exact words of another author) and paraphrasing (summarising the words and ideas of one or more authors). Use the format as indicated in the USQ course outlines. In general USQ formatting requires work to be double-spaced including the headings, footnotes, quotations, references and figure captions. Triple- or quadruple- spacing may be applied in special circumstances such as before and after displayed items. Single- or one-and-a-half line spacing is never used except inside tables or figures or as directed. For additional information on In-Text Citations see Section 2, page 35 *To assist with printing, reference examples shown in this guide are single spaced.
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1. Reference List and In-Text Citations Examples 1.1
Books (print and online) Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Up to seven authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Edition). Place of Publication: Publisher.
List all author names.
Examples:
Example:
Bernstein and Tiegerman (1989, pp. 1416) have illustrated…
Bernstein, D. K., & Tiegerman, E. (1989). Language and communication disorders in children (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merill.
(Calder, 2009, p. 12)
Calder, A. (2009). Compliance for green IT: A pocket guide. Ely, England: IT Governance.
Calder (2009, p. 12) states that … (Curwen, Palmer & Ruddell, 2000, p. 13)
Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive behaviour therapy (Brief Therapies Series). London, England: Sage.
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname, et al., Year, p. Page No.)
In-text citations should use the first author surname and ‘et al.’
Author A Surname, Author A Initial., Author B Surname, Author B Initial., Author C Surname, Author C Initial., Author D Surname, Author D Initial., Author E Surname, Author E Initial., Author F Surname, Author F Initial., …Author (Last) Surname, Author (Last) Initial. (Year). Title (Edition). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Examples:
More than seven authors
In the Reference List, list the first six author names, followed by an ellipsis (…) and then the last author.
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(Midgley et al., 2000, p. 12) Midgley et al. (2000, p. 12) states that …
Example: Midgley, C., Maehr, M. L., Hruda, L., Anderman, E. M., Freeman, K. E., Gheen, M., … Urdan, T., (2000). Manual for the patterns of adaptive learning scales (PALS). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Edited books
Components:
Components:
(Editor Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Editor Surname, Editor Initial. (Ed.). (Year). Title of work, Place of Publication: Publisher. Example:
Examples: (Roy, 2008, p. 12) Roy (2008, p. 12) states that …
Grubb, M., & Neuhoff, K. (Eds.). (2006). Emissions trading & competitiveness: Allocations, incentives and industrial competitiveness under the EU emissions trading scheme. London: Earthscan. Roy, M. J. (Ed.). (2006). Novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (NATO Security Through Science Series). Amsterdam: IOS.
Online books
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Edition). DOI
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique name assigned by the International DOI Foundation that provides a persistent link to its location on the Internet. When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate the content. A Uniform Recourse Locator (URL) is a website address
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Edition). ‘Retrieved from URL’
Example: Examples:
When a DOI is available, use the DOI:
(Leaver, 2005, p. 12)
Leaver, B. L., Ehrman, M., & Shekhtman, B. (2005). Achieving success in second language acquisition. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610431
Leaver (2005, p. 12) states that …
When a DOI is not available, use the URL: Burton, R. (1832). The anatomy of melancholy. Retrieved from http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/ Database information may be given for books (monographs) of limited circulation (e.g. from the University's database subscriptions): Nazareth, L. (2007). The leisure economy: How changing demographics, economics, and generational attitudes will reshape our lives and our industries [Monograph]. Retrieved from Books24x7 database.
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Type
In-text citation
Online books
Reference list Use "Available from" when the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material (rather than to the material itself):
(Continued)
Tyler, G. W. (n.d.). Evolution in the systems age. Available from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=46&page=2 Books ed to mobile devices (without a DOI): Ware, C. (2010). Cottage by the sea [Kindle version]. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks Landmark. Articles or chapters in edited books or encyclopaedias
Components:
Components:
(Chapter Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Chapter Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title of chapter or entry. In Author/Editor Initial. Author/Editor Surname, (role abbrev.), Title of book (pp. Page Range of Chapter). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Notes: Individual chapters may have their own DOI.
Example: Termination is considered to be… (Dadds, James, Barrett, & Verhulst, 2004, p. 1) Jacobs and Hall (2002), consider the task...
Example: Dadds, M. R., James, R. C., Barrett, P. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (2004). Diagnostic issues. In T. H. Ollendick & J. S. March (Eds.), Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A clinician's guide to effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions (Part 1, pp. 3-33). Retrieved from ebrary database. Jacobs, G. M., & Hall, S. (2002). Implementing cooperative learning. In J. C. Richards & W. A. Renandya (Eds.), Methodology in language teaching: An anthology of current practice (pp. 52-58). doi:10.1017/CBO9780511667190.009
No authors or editors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Title (shortened), Year, p. Page No.)
Anonymous. (Year). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
If no authors or editors, move the title to that position If a work is signed “Anonymous”, begin entry with the word Anonymous as if it were a true author name. In text, use a few words of the title (in italics), or the whole title if it is short
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Title. (Year). Place of Publication: Publisher. Example:
Example:
… as was argued (Anonymous, 1996)
Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors: A novel of politics. New York, NY: Random House.
These effects can be seen in… (Psychological effects, 1999, p. 27)
Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction: A survey of the psychological side of socalled "designer drugs". (1999). Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House.
Psychological effects (1999) illustrated that...
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Author as publisher
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation Name, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial./Organisation Name. (Year). Title (Edition). Place of Publication: Author.
Example:
Example:
(American Psychiatric Association, 2001, p. 26)
American Psychiatric Association. (2001). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Group authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surnames, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Name. Subdivision Name. (Year). Title (series title if applicable). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Full official names of group authors such as associations or government agencies should be used. Parent bodies precede subdivisions.
Example:
File by the first significant word.
These statistics are… (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006, p. 161)
Author Name. Subdivision Name. (Year). Title (series title if applicable). Retrieved from URL.
Church laws would show... (Church of England, 1877)
Nicotine has been shown… (United States, Public Health Service, 1988, pp. 44-46)
Example: Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Measures of Australia's progress (Catalogue No. 1370.0). Canberra: Author. Church of England. Archdeaconry of Maidstone. (1877). The Church in its divine constitution and office, and in its relations with the civil power: A charge delivered to the clergy of the Archdeaconry of Maidstone at the ordinary visitation in May 1877; with notes (Talbot Collection of British Pamphlets). Retrieved from http://www.archive.org/details/churchin itsdivin00chur United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General. (1988). The health consequences of smoking: Nicotine addiction; a report of the Surgeon General (DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88-8406). Rockville, MD: Office of Smoking and Health. World Bank. (2008). Textbooks and school library provision in secondary education in SubSaharan Africa (World Bank Working Paper No. 126. Africa Human Development Series). Retrieved from EBL database. Note: series titles have been included where applicable in the above examples.
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1.2
Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Acknowledging editors, compilers, revisers, translators, or illustrators
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Edition) (Editor Initial. Editor Surname, Editor Role.). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Notes:
Example:
If the author’s role remains of primary importance, editors, compilers, revisers, translators, or illustrators can also be acknowledged.
These statistics are… (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006, p. 161).
Use abbreviations such as Ed., Eds, Comp., Comps., Rev., Revs., Trans., Illus.
Nicotine has been shown… (United States, Public Health Service, 1988, pp. 44-46)
Church laws would show... (Church of England, 1877).
Example: Levy-Leboyer, C. (1982). Psychology and environment (D. Cantor & I. Griffiths, Trans.). Beverley Hills, CA: Sage. (Original work published 1979). Note: The Publication Manual does not include examples for illustrators but the following format would be consistent: Reesink, M. (1980). The princess who always ran away (F. Tresy, Illus.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Journal and newspaper articles Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Journal articles with a DOI
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. doi:DOI No.
Notes: Use both volume and issue numbers when available.
When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate the content.
Example: A study states that… (Radford 2001, pp. 157-59)
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Radford, M. (2001). Aesthetic and religious awareness among pupils: Similarities and differences. British Journal of Music Education, 18(2), 151-159. doi:10.1017/s0265051701000249
A 2001 study states that… (Radford, pp. 157-59) Rindermann and Ceci’s (2009, p. 555) findings suggest that outcomes are…
USQ Library
Examples:
Rindermann, H., & Ceci, S. J. (2009). Educational policy and country outcomes in international cognitive competence studies. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(6), 551-568. doi:10.111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Online journal articles without a DOI
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. Retrieved from URL.
Notes: If no DOI is assigned, give the URL of the journal home page if the article is available there.
Even if you obtain your article from an online database or another source, try to locate the URL of the journal's home page that provides access to the article.
Example: When dealing with power… (RussellBowie, 2010, p. 66) An intervention study (Powell, 1990) showed that…
Examples: Russell-Bowie, D. (2010). Cross-national comparisons of background and confidence in visual arts and music education of pre-service primary teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 35(4), 65-78. Retrieved from http://ajte.education.ecu.edu.au/ If the article was obtained from one of the University's limited circulation database subscriptions, use the URL for the journal's entry/search page within the database (or the database's overall search page if that is not available): Powell, D. E. (1990). Home-based intervention of preschoolers with emotional disturbances and autism. Preventing School Failure, 34(4), 41-45. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/ehost/detail?hid=22&sid=49a21459-73a6%3d%3d#db=a9h&jid=PSF Online newspaper articles. Give the URL of the home page: McMahon, S. (2010, July 19). Fund new Victorian era. Herald Sun. Retrieved from http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ Note: Newspaper articles from a database (if the article is not available from the newspaper's home/search page): Susskind, A. (1986, September 2). Academic blast for English class texts. Sydney Morning Herald, 1. Retrieved from http://global.factiva.com/sb/default.aspx?|nep=hp Newsletter articles: Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiative conference. (2006, November/December). OJJDP News @ a Glance. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/news_at_glance/216684/topstory.html
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Print articles without a DOI
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range.
For articles with no identified author, in text use a short title in double quotation marks (or the full title if it is short) for the parenthetical citation: ("New Drug", 1993, July 15).
Example: Coltheart and Prior (2006, p. 158) discussed Aboriginal identity as… The frogs are… (Beemster, 2008, pp. 27-29)
Examples: Coltheart, M., & Prior, M. (2006). Learning to read in Australia. Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities, 11(4), 157-164. If a magazine or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include the month, season or other designation with the year: Beemster, M. (2008, December). Saving the Southern Bell Frog. Australian Landcare, 27-29. For daily or weekly newspapers, include the day and precede the page numbers with p. or pp: Murray, E. (2001, May 9). Refugee crisis! [Letter to the editor]. Weekend Australian, p. A13. New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, pp. A12, A14, A16-A17.
Up to seven authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author A Surname, Author A Initial., Author B Surname, Author B Initial., Author C Surname, Author C Initial., Author D Surname, Author D Initial., Author E Surname, Author E Initial. & Author F Surname, Author F Initial., Author (Last) Initial (Year). Article title, Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. DOI / Retrieved from URL
List all authors. When using In Text, for three, four, or five authors cite all authors in the first instance, thereafter, only first author followed by "et al." (not underlined and with no stop after "et”) and the year of publication.
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Example: A study (Dyer, Pizzorno, Qu, Valach, Marshall, & Young, 2010, p. 350) discussed unconscious identity as… This study also… (Dyer et al., 2010, p. 355)
Examples: Dyer, B., Pizzorno, C. C., Qu, K., Valach, L., Marshall, S. K., & Young, R. A. (2010). Unconscious processes in a career counselling case: An action-theoretical perspective, British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 38(3), 343-362. doi:10.1080/15388220.2010.483182
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
More than seven authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname et al., Year, p. Page No.)
Author A Surname, Author A Initial., Author B Surname, Author B Initial., Author C Surname, Author C Initial., Author D Surname, Author D Initial., Author E Surname, Author E Initial., Author F Surname, Author F Initial., …Author (Last) Surname, Author (Last) Initial (Year). Article title, Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. DOI / Retrieved from URL
In-text citations should use the first author surname and ‘et al.’
Example:
Examples:
Vaillancourt et al. (2010), discussed Aboriginal identity as…
Vaillancourt, T., Trinh, V., McDougall, P., Duku, E., Cunningham, L., Cunningham, C., ... Short, K. (2010). Optimizing population screening of bullying in school-aged children. Journal of School Violence, 9(3), 233-250. doi:10.1080/03069885.1010.482395
No authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(“Title”, Year, p. Page No.)
Article Title. (Year). Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. DOI / Retrieved from URL
In the Reference List, list the first six author names, an ellipsis (…) and then the last author.
If there is no author, move the article title to author position. If a work is signed "Anonymous", begin Reference entry with Anonymous as if it were a true name.
Example: “In brief” (2010) discussed this issue… This issue was covered in a way… (“In brief”, 2010).
Examples: In brief. (2010). Harvard Heart Letter, 20(12), 7. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/ehost/detail?hid=22&sid=6544e16c-21a34092-87adac80b1cda933%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d #db=a9h&jid=HHR
Group authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Name, Year, p. Page No.)
Full official names of group authors such as associations or government agencies should be used.
Example:
Author Name. Subdivision Name. (Year). Article title, Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. DOI / Retrieved from URL
Parent bodies precede subdivisions.
A 1998 study (University of Queensland, Department of Social Work, pp. 22-23) found that…
File by the first significant word.
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The study found that… (British Medical Association, 2007, p. 145)
Examples: British Medical Association. (2007). British Medical Association expert witness guidance. Clinical Risk, 13(4), 143-146. doi:10.1258/13562620778125112 University of Queensland. Department of Social Work. (1998). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health: Current policy issues. Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 26(1), 18-24.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Reviews, peer commentary, and abstracts
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Review of type of source Source Title, by Source Author Name]. Journal Title, Volume No(Issue Number), page range. DOI / Retrieved from URL.
Notes: Identify the type of medium being reviewed in [square] brackets (including author names) as required.
If the details of the item being reviewed are clear from the title of the review, no additional explanatory material in brackets is needed.
If the review is untitled, use the bracketed information as the title.
If the author and source author are the same person do not repeat source author information (see Morris example)
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Examples: Example: Boyd (2010, p.10) reviewed Carey’s… The test was… (Brooks, Sherman, & Strauss, 2010, p. 85)
Boyd, W. (2010). Man as an island [Review of the book William Golding, by John Carey]. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/ Brooks, B. L., Sherman, M. S., & Strauss, E. (2010). Test review: NEPSY-II: A developmental neuropsychological assessment, second edition [Review of the test NEPSY-II, by M. Korkman, U. Kirk & S. Kemp]. Child Neuropsychology, 16(1), 80-101. doi:10.1080/09297040903146966 Review without a source:
Giroux was viewed as… (Morris, 2008, p.9)
Morris, S. (2008). Henry Giroux - urgently necessary and necessarily urgent: An essay review [Review of the book Against the terror of neoliberalism: Politics beyond the age of greed]. Education Review, 11(3). Retrieved from http://edrev.info/index.html Abstract as an original source: Lim, J. M. (2010). Commenting on research results in applied linguistics and education: A comparative genre-based investigation. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 9(4), 280. Abstract retrieved from http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622440/description#desc ription Pedder, D., & Opfer, V. D. (2010). Planning and organisation of teachers' Continuous Professional Development in schools in England [Abstract]. Curriculum Journal, 21(4), 433. doi:10.1080/09585176.2010.529652
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1.3
Web documents and sites
The goals of a citation to online material are to credit the author and to enable the reader to find the material. When citing Internet sources, observe the following guidelines:
Follow previous sections for format of author, date, and title elements. The date element should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular revision, the most recent update. Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages. Include retrieval dates where the source material is likely to change over time. Provide addresses that work where possible.
When citing entire websites, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text only (e.g. Comprehensive information about the University can be found at http://www.usq.edu.au, or, the University of Southern Queensland website (http://www.usq.edu.au) gives comprehensive information).
Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Author and date known
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.
Notes:
Example:
Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time
Example: It has been shown that… (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011). Allen (2004) covered in a way…
Allen, D. (2004). Dealing with your meeting notes. Retrieved from http://www.effectivemeetings.com/meetingbasics/notes.asp American Psychological Association. (2008). HIV Office on Psychology Education (HOPE). Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://www.apa.org/pi/aids/hope.html Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011). Australia's health 2004. Retrieved October 10, 2015, from http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10014
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
No author given
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(“Title”, Year)
Title. (Year). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.
In-text should put the title in quotation marks “”.
Example:
Example:
“Psychological perspectives” (n.d.) discussed this issue…
Psychological perspectives (n.d.). Retrieved June 2, 2001, from http://www.onl.org.jp/horo~3/html
If a work is signed "Anonymous", begin Reference List entry with the word Anonymous as if it were a true name.
1.4
This issue was covered in a way… (“Psychological perspectives”, n.d.).
Other electronic media
The date element should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular revision, the most recent update. After the title of the work, insert in brackets as part of the title element (i.e., before the period) the type of medium for the material. A retrieval or availability statement replaces the location and name of the publisher typically provided for text references. Use "Available from" when the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material (rather than to the material itself). Include retrieval dates where the source material is likely to change over time (e.g. Wikis).
See also, Audiovisual (Section 1.5) for some examples not included here. Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Theses or dissertations
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Type of Material). Retrieved from URL. (Accession Number if available).
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Theses or dissertations
Example:
Example:
Recent studies (Murray, 2008, p.63) include revelations that…
Retrieved from a database:
(Continued)
Murray, B. P. (2008). Prior knowledge, two teaching approaches for metacognition: Main idea and summarization strategies in reading (Doctoral dissertation, Fordham University, New York). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. (AAT 3302116) Retrieved from an institutional or personal Web site: McDonald, J. (2007). The role of online discussion forums in ing learning in higher education (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Queensland). Retrieved from http://eprints.usq.edu.au/3588/2/McDonald_2007_whole.pdf
Encyclopaedias and dictionaries
Components:
Components:
(Surname/Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Subject or Term Title. In Author/Editor Initial. Author/Editor Surname (Role e.g Ed.), Title. DOI / Retrieved from URL.
Notes: Give the home or index page URL for reference works.
Subject or Term. (Year). Source Title. Retrieved from URL. Example: Psychotherapy is defined as… (Claiborn, 2008) The case aligns with accepted medical traits (Psychotherapy, 2008).
Annual Reports
Example: Claiborn, C. D. (2008). Psychotherapy. In D. Hoiberg (Ed.), Encyclopaedia Britannica online (Academic ed.). Retrieved from http://search.eb.com Psychotherapy. (2008). Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Components:
Components:
(Surname/Organisation, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title. Retrieved from URL. Example:
Example: Revenue for the department was… (BHP Billiton, 2007, p. 26)
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BHP Billiton. (2007). 2007 BHP Billiton annual report. Retrieved from http://bhpbilliton.com/bbContentRepository/20071114140799/bhbpannualrep ort07.pdf
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Fact sheets, brochures, and press releases
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, p. (Page No.)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Item Type/Format]. Retrieved from URL
Example:
Example: Australian Museum. (2003). Concretions, thunder eggs and geodes [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.austmus.gov.au/factsheets/geodes.htm
Extinction rates were... (Florek, 2003, p. 2)
Florek, S. (2003). Megafauna extinction: Patterns of extinction [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.austmus.gov.au/factsheets/megafauna.htm Xerox Corporation. (2004).Looks small, acts big: The Xerox Phaser 3150 personal laser printer for business [Brochure]. Retrieved from http://www.office.xerox.com/latest/315BR-01.PDF
Presentation slides
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, p. (Page No.)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Slide Format]. Retrieved from URL
Example: (OWL at Purdue University, 2004, p. 4)
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Example: OWL at Purdue University. (2004).Conquering the comma [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/comma.PPT#256,1,Conquering the Comma
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Images
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL.
Be consistent when specifying the medium in [square] brackets, immediately after the title.
Use Titles in place of Authors if no author is identified.
Message posted to newsgroups, online forums, discussion groups, or electronic mailing lists
Title [Format]. (Year). Retrieved from URL Example: (Human skeleton, 2011)
Human skeleton [Image]. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.teachpe.com/images/anatomy/skeleton.jpg
(Saudi Arabia, 2009)
Saudi Arabia [Topographic map]. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/sa.htm
(Tunbridge, 2003)
Tunbridge, D. I. (2003).Volunteers of the ACT Bushfire Service lighting a back-burn on the Mount Franklin Road, Brindabella Ranges, on the night of 11/12 January 2003 [Digital photograph]. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/nla.pican24954626
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, Month Day)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL
Notes: For personal email, refer to personal communication in the section on unpublished works.
Example:
Example: (Blaire, 2007, January 20) (Moore, 2006, October 29)
Example: Blaire, T. (2007, January 20). Transition in leadership [Electronic mailing list message].Retrieved from http://www.polgov.org/mail-archive/rp/msg7.html Moore, R. (2006, October 29). Survey of test subjects [Newsgroup message]. Retrieved from news://sci.psychology.consciousness
Include the name of the list to which the message was posted if the information is not part of the URL.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Wikis
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Title of Wiki Topic, Year)
Title of Wiki Topic. (Year). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Title of Wiki: URL
Long topic titles can be shortened in the in-text citation.
Example:
Example:
("Self-study", 2007)
Self-study: Broadening the concepts of participation and program . (2007). Retrieved June 18, 2008, from Adult Literacy Education (ALE) Wiki: http://wiki.literacytent.org/index.php/SelfStudy:_Broadening_the_Concepts_of_Participation_and_Program_
Audio podcasts
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL
Example: (Curtis & Diez, 2008) (Hutcheon, 2008, June 15)
Example: Curtis, B., & Diez, M. (2008).Intermediate Spanish podcast42: La Mafia [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.notesinspanish.com/category/intermediate-spanish-podcast/ Hutcheon, J. (2008, June 15).Jane Hutcheon reflects on life in London [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2008/s2274772.htm
Video podcasts
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, Month Day)
Give the name and, in brackets, the function of the originator or primary contributors (the director or the producer, or both).
Example:
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL Example:
(Holland & Harris, 2008, June 12)
(National Geographic Society, 2008, May 19)
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Holland, A. (Producer), & Harris, H. (Director). (2008, June 12). Bog man [Video podcast].Retrieved from ABC: http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2272392.html National Geographic Society. (Producer). (2008, May 19).Chimp memory beats humans' [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.podanza.com/podcast/national-geographic-videoshorts/42ac4d6d3d12b6ad80303e9f6556d4a0/
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Streaming videos
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL. Title (Series Title) [Format]. (Year). Retrieved from URL
Example: (Cambridge Educational, 2011)
(Sarra, 2010)
("William James", 2011)
Example: Cambridge Educational. (Producer). (2011). Alcohol and the family: Breaking the chain [Video]. Retrieved from http://digital.films.com.libdbauth.nait.ab.ca/portal/Playlists.aspx?aid=7892&xt di98765 Sarra, C. (2010). Elders and community [Video].Retrieved from http://mediasite.eq.edu.au/eq/Viewer/?peid=bb3dbc846b2a4426ae2f1256bca 8cf7e William James: The psychology of possibility (Giants of Psychology) [Video]. (2011). Retrieved from http://ffh.films.com/id/20410/William_James_The_Psychology_of_Possibility. htm Note: Series titles included where applicable in the above examples.
Interviews
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Interviewer Surname/Organisation & Interviewee Surname/Organisation, Year, Month Day, p. (Page No.)
Interviewer Surname/Organisation, Interviewer Initial. (Interviewer), Interviewee Surname/Organisation, Interviewee Initial. (Interviewee). (Year, Month Day). Title [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from URL.
Example:
Example:
(Hughes & Cilento, 2000, June 20, p. 4)
Hughes, R. (Interviewer), & Cilento, D. (Interviewee). (2000, June 20). Diane Cilento [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from http://www.australianbiography.gov.au/subjects/cilento/intertext1.html
Interviews that are not retrievable should be cited in text as a personal communication (including year, month day) and not included in the reference list (see section on unpublished works).
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Blog posts
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, Month Day)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL.
Example:
Video blog posts (e.g. Youtube)
(Bedford, 2008, June 12)
Bedford, T. (2008, June 12). Re: Got a problem using EndNote? Let us know here [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://library.usq.edu.au/wordpress/?p=539
(McGarry, 2008, June 13)
McGarry, A. (2008, June 13). China's pain fires Olympic dream [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://blogs.abc.net.au/olympics/
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, Month Day)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL.
Example: (Bridge TEFL, 2007, October 5) (Westrom, 2009, June 8)
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Example:
Example: Bridge TEFL. (2007, October 5). TEFL online tutorial: Teaching grammar in context [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXg3w_jbNrc Westrom, M. (2009, June 18). Psychology - short and long term memory [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TausqSK9p9k
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Computer programs, software, or programming languages
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/ Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Version) [Computer Software/Language/Program]. Retrieved from URL.
Notes: Reference list entries are not necessary for standard software and programming languages. Provide entries for specialized software or programs with limited distribution. Only include retrieval date if content is likely to change over time
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Version) [Computer Software/Language/Program]. Location: Name of Producer Example: (Schoonjans, 2008)
If no version number is available, include the retrieval date. Do not italicise the names of software, programs, or languages.
Example: Schoonjans, F. (2008). MedCalc Statistical Software (Version 9.5.2.0) [Computer software]. Retrieved from 3D2F.COM Software Directory: http://3d2f.com/programs/13-638medcalc-statistical-software-.shtml No author example
(Comprehensive MetaAnalysis, Version 2, n.d.)
If an individual has proprietary rights to the software, name them as the author; otherwise, treat such references as unauthored works.
Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) [computer software]. Englewood, NJ: Biosat Tools and applications: CultureGPS lite (Version 1.13) [Computer software]. (2011). Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/app/culturegps-lite/id297051765?mt=8 Pages (Version 1.5) [Computer software]. (2011). Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/us/pages/id361309726?mt=8&ls=1
If the program can be ed or ordered from the web, give this information in the publisher position.
(Scott, 2011)
Scott, C. (2011). Treasure hunt - the interactive boardgame (Version 1.1) [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/treasure-hunt-theinteractive/id4425986640?mt=8
Data sets
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL.
(Title, Year) Example: (Government of Southern Sudan, 2010) (twins.dta, 2003)
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Title [Format]. (Year). Retrieved from URL. Example: Government of Southern Sudan. Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. Directorate of Planning and Budgeting. (2010). South Sudan 2010 secondary data (2010 Annual School Census) [Data file]. Retrieved from http://southsudan.ed-assist.net/ twins.dta - twins study (life characteristics in midlife) (UCLA Statistics Data Sets) [Data file]. (2003). Retrieved from http://www.stat.ucla.edu/data/
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1.5
Audiovisual examples Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Motion Pictures
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role), & Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Year). Title [Format]. Country of Origin: Studio.
Example: The film’s central thesis assumes that audiences… (Grazer & Howard, 2001) Videos and DVDs
Example: Grazer, B. (Producer), & Howard, R. (Director). (2001). A beautiful mind [Motion picture]. USA: Universal Studios.
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Format]. Production Location: Studio.
(Title, Year)
Title [Format]. (Year). Production Location: Studio. Example:
Example:
s are directed to navigate… (Strang, 1992)
Strang, G. (1992). The teaching of calculus: Careful changes (Selected Lectures in Mathematics) [Videocassette]. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society.
Self-testing intelligence is… (The self, 2001)
The self: Testing and intelligence (Discovering Psychology) [DVD]. (2001). Boston, MA: WGBH Educational Foundation. Note: Series titles included where applicable in the above examples.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Television programmes
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Television programme:
(Title, Year).
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Date Aired Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Program Location: TV Network. Television series: Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Year). Title of series [Television series]. Program Location: TV Network. Television series episode: Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Date Aired Year, Month Day). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. [role], Title of series. Program Location: TV Network.
Example:
Example: Television programme:
Campbell’s programme covered issues… (Four Corners, 2004)
Campbell, C. (Executive producer). (2011, February 9). The 7pm project [Television program]. Melbourne, Vic: Network TEN. Television series: Gunton, M. (Executive producer). (2009). Life [Television series]. United Kingdom: BBC Natural History Unit. Television series episode:
The program included frequent references to… (Fairfax, Mulholland, & Rich, 2005)
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Fairfax, F. (Writer), Mulholland, T., & Rich, J. (Directors). (2005). The curse of Tutankhamun [Television series episode]. In P. Dolling [Executive producer], Egypt: Rediscovering a lost world. United Kingdom: British Broadcasting Corporation.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Music recordings
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname, Year, Side/Band/Track No.
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Copyright Year). Title of music [Recorded by Artist Name if different from Author]. On Title of Album [Format of Recording]. Production Location: Music Label. (date of recording if different from copyright date)
In text, include the side, band or track numbers.
Example: Example: "The Last of the Pioneers" (Williamson, 2003, track 5) ...
Audio recordings
Badnews, U. R. (1927). We only live twice [Recorded by P. Murray]. On Resurrection [CD]. Sandgate, Qld: Ibis Records. (1999) Williamson, J. (2003). The last of the pioneers. On Home among the gum trees [CD]. Pyrmont, NSW: EMI Australia.
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Year). Title (Optional Source Details) [Format]. Production Location: Publisher.
(“Title”, Year)
Title (Optional Source Details) [Format]. (Year). Production Location: Publisher. Example: Example: s are directed to navigate… (Bacon, 1997) The atmosphere presented… (“Australian poetry live”, 1996)
Australian poetry live: Classics from the Hazel de Berg collection [Audiocassette]. (1996). Canberra, ACT: National Library of Australia. Bacon, T. (Writer). (1997). Amazing journeys (Literacy Links Plus Fluent D) [Audiocassette]. Auckland, NZ: Shortland. Costa, P. T. (Speaker). (1998). Personality and continuity (Audio Recording No. 207-433-88A-B) [Audiocassette]. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Smith, D. (2001, August 16). Airline nightmare (Audio Recording from Nightline series) [Audiocassette]. Brisbane, Qld: Australian Broadcasting Commission.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Other non-book media
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Format]. Production Location: Producer.
Notes:
(“Title”, Year)
Media formats can include, but are not limited to, the following: Motion picture, Television program, Television series, Television series episode, CD, Record, Cassette, Audiocassette, Audiorecord, Audiotape, DVD, Videotape, Videorecording, Videocassette, Computer software, Data file, Chart, Flashcard, Game, Picture, Transparency, Slide, Realia, Kit, Filmstrip, Print, Work of art, Microform, etc.
Title [Format]. (Year). Production Location: Producer. Example:
Example:
Leading a small group to… (Leadership Research Institute, 1999).
Hill, M. (1985). Australia's first people (Social Studies Wallcharts) [Chart]. Sydney, NSW: McGraw-Hill.
Fractions can be used to… (“Fractions are easy”, 1985).
Fractions are as easy as pie: A game of common fractions [Game]. (1985). Baltimore, MD: Media Materials. Leadership Research Institute. (1999). Creative leadership [Brochure]. Toowoomba, Qld: Author. Measuring cylinders [Realia]. (n.d.). England: Gradplex
Nervous system [Picture]. (2006). Burleigh Heads: Network Education Australia. Shaping the future: Working with the under-threes [Kit]. (2000). Buckingham, United Kingdom: Open University Press. Zupelz - orange: Stimulating logical thinking - one puzzle at a time [Flashcard]. (n.d.). Narangba, Qld: Origo Education. Note: Series titles included where applicable in the above examples
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1.6
Legislation and legal authorities
For more comprehensive information and other jurisdictions, see the Bluebook The bluebook: A uniform system of citation (19th ed.). (2010). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Review Association. Citations should be made to the print source unless an electronic source is designated the official version. (For Internet and online sources use Citation, URL. Or if it is from a commercial electronic database, use Citation (Name of the Database).). The following examples are for the Australian jurisdiction only. Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Legislation (includes Acts and Bills)
Components:
Components:
Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction)
Acts: Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction Abbreviation) Subdivision (if relevant) (Country Abbreviation). Bills: Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction Abbreviation) (Country Abbreviation).
Example: The Equal Opportunity Act 1995 (Vic) prohibits ... ... the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) ... ... according to s. 15 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) ...
Legal authorities (cases)
Examples: Acts: Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (Austl.). Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15 (Austl.). Bills:
... Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) ...
Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) (Austl.).
Components:
Components:
(Case Party v. Case Party Year)
Case Party v. Case Party (Year) Volume Number Reporter Abbreviation First Page (Country Abbreviation).
Example: Precedent exists for… (Carey v. Price 2005)
Examples:
In Mabo v. Queensland (1992), it was argued that…
Carey v. Price (2005) 132 ALR 255 (Austl.) Mabo v. Queensland (1988) 166 CLR 186 (Austl.)
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1.7
Unpublished works Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Personal communications
Components:
In-text citation only
(Correspondent Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year).
Notes:
Cite personal correspondence in text only.
Example: O. Stone (personal communication, March 29, 2001) (M. A. Toby, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)
Personal communication may be unpublished lecture notes, letters, memos, personal interviews, telephone conversations, email or messages from non-archived discussion groups or bulletin boards, photographs, images, tables or data; all these sources are usually non-recoverable from the reader's perspective and are not to be included in the reference list, but should be cited in text as they are referred to. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible. Lecture notes are treated as personal communication if they are unpublished (i.e. not copied and distributed in print or on the web with the instructor's permission).
Doctoral dissertations and Master’s theses (unpublished)
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title, (Type of Document). Publication Institution, Pub. Inst. Location.
Example: In his data structures thesis, he discussed… (Swinton, 1984, p. 2).
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Example: Swinton, M. A. (1984). Family stress in phenylketonuria (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Online articles not yet formally published
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, press status, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (press status). Title. Journal Title. DOI / Retrieved from URL.
Notes: In preprint archives, articles are posted online ahead of print and are not yet indexed. Use the DOI or the exact URL.
Example: Rotation of the t…(Charles & Hogan, in press, p. 25)
Examples: Charles, S. J., & Hogan, N. (in press). Dynamics of wrist rotation. Journal of Biomechanics. doi:10.1016/j.biomech.2010.11.016 Vickers, P. (in press). Theory eliminativism as a methodological tool. Philosophy of Science. Retrieved from http://philsciarchive.pitt.edu/8472/1/Theory_Eliminativism.pdf
Advance online publications are generally peer reviewed.
Diecklemann, S., Buchel, C., Born, J., & Rasch, B. (2011). Labile or stable: Opposing consequences for memory when reactivated during waking and sleep. Nature Neuroscience. Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/nn.2744
If there is no DOI assigned, give the URL of the journal home page. Update your references and refer to final versions, if possible, before you submit your work.
Manuscripts
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title. Unpublished manuscript / Manuscript submitted for publication / Manuscript in preparation.
Example: Sports equipment was found…(Geisel, n.d., p. 2)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title. Retrieved from URL Examples: Geisel, T. S. (n.d.). All sorts of sports. Unpublished manuscript. Informally published or self-archived work: Benchimol, G. (2007). Prospects for innovating organisations. Retrieved from http://cogprints.org/5701/1/PROSPECTS_/FOR_INNOVATING_ORGANIZAT IONS.pdf
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1.8
Proceedings and technical reports
When citing from a one-off proceeding, use the same format as for a book or book chapter. Regularly published proceedings use the same format as journal or periodical articles. Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Published proceedings in book form
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article title. In Editor/Other Initial. Editor/Other Surname (Role(s)), Conference Proceedings Title (pp. Page Range). Publisher Location: Publisher. Retrieved from URL
Notes: Capitalise the names of symposia, conferences and meetings. If there are more than two editors a comma is placed before the ampersand.
Examples: Example: Information literacy can be…(Hughes, 2002, p. 209)
Hirata, J. (2005). How should happiness guide policy? Why gross national happiness is not opposed to democracy. In Rethinking development: Local pathways to global wellbeing; the Second International Conference on Gross National Happiness. Antigonish, Canada: St. Francis Xavier University. Retrieved from http://www.gpiatlantic.org/conference/papers/hirata.pdf Hughes, H. (2002). Information literacy with an international focus. In K. Appleton, C. Maherson, & D. Orr (Eds.), International Lifelong Learning Conference: Refereed papers from the 2nd International Lifelong Learning Conference (pp. 208-213). Rockhampton, Qld: Central Queensland University Press.
Proceedings published regularly
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article Title. Conference Proceedings Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. DOI / Retrieved from URL.
Notes: Treat regularly published proceedings as periodicals.
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Example: Connectivity exists for… (Kozkovski & Van Strien, 2009, p. 280)
Examples: Kozkovski, O., & Van Strien, S. (2009). Local connectivity and quasi-conformal rigidity of nonrenormalizable polynomials. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 99(2), 275296. doi:10.1112/plms/pdn055
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Conference papers and symposium contributions
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, month, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year, Month). Paper title. In Editor/Other Initial. Editor/Other Surname (Role), Conference Proceedings Title. Format of Item presented/conducted at the Conference / Symposium Title, Conference/Symposium, Location. DOI / Retrieved from URL
Notes: For symposium contributions, papers, and poster presentations, give the year with the month. Papers can be part of a collection of proceeding items (reference list includes the title of the collection), or singular (reference list does not include a collection title).
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year, Month). Paper title. Format of Item presented/conducted at the Conference / Symposium Title, Conference/Symposium Location. DOI / Retrieved from URL Example: The treatment plan… (Gorman, 2009, March, p.24) … job strains were… (Liu et al., 2008, November)
Examples: Gorman, B. (2009, March). A treatment plan: Some hopes (pipe dreams?) and suggestions for effective statistical education. In B. Gorman (Chair), The crisis in the statistical education of psychologists. Symposium conducted at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans, LA. Liu, C., Wu, D., Fan, J., & Nauta, M. M. (2008, November). Does job complexity predict job strains? Paper presented at the 8th Biannual Conference of the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology, Valencia, Spain. Rosenshine, B. (1997). The case for explicit, teacher-led, cognitive strategy instruction. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from http://apaa.asu./edu/barak/barak1.html Abstract: Dickens, A. (2003). Working with the community. Paper presented at the 8th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, Melbourne. Abstract retrieved from http://www./aifs.gov.au/conferences/aifs8/dickens-ab.pdf
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Technical and research reports
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Report Title (Report No.). Publisher Location: Publisher.
Notes:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Report Title (Report No.). DOI / Retrieved from URL.
This format can be used for issue briefs, working papers and other corporate documents. Include the appropriate document number where available. For online reports, identify the publisher in the retrieval statement unless the publisher is also identified as the author. Database information may be given for monographs from the University's limited circulation database subscriptions.
Examples: Example: (Queensland School Curriculum Council, 2000, p. 4) (Ford et al., 2007, pp. 34-35)
Aermark, L. (2011). Spectral and Hardy inequalities for some sub-elliptical operators (Research Reports in Mathematics Number 1, 2011). Retrieved from Stockholm University, Department of Mathematics, Research Reports in Mathematics website: http://www2.math.su.se/reports/2011/1/2011-1.pdf Australian Human Resources Institute. (2008). The parent trap: The parental leave debate (Research Report). Retrieved from http://www.ahri.com.au/MMSdocuments/profdevelopment/research/research_papers/0809 _pulse_report_the _parent_trap.pdf Ford, M., Gurney, A., Heyhoe, E., & Gunasekera, D. (2007). Energy security, clean technology development and climate change: Addressing the future challenges in APEC (ABARE Research Report 07.14). Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics website: http://www.abare.gov.au/publications_html/climate_07/apec_security.pdf Queensland School Curriculum Council. (2000). Consistency of teacher judgement (Research Report). Brisbane, Qld: Author. University Database Holdings: Australian Furniture Research and Development Institute, & Standards Australia. (1997). Office desks (Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4442:1997). Retrieved from Standards On-Line database. Bramley, G. (2010). Analysis of youth offending team inspection reports (LGA Research Report). Retrieved from ERIC database.
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1.9
USQ course materials Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Lecture notes and handouts
Components:
Components:
(Faculty/Author Surname, Year)
Faculty/Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Course CODE course document title. University Location: University Name.
Note:
(“Course Code Document Title”, Year)
These are treated like books if they are published, but like personal communication if they are your own notes or unpublished. Lecture notes are considered published if they have been copied and distributed in print or on the web with the instructor's permission.
Customised publications and selected readings (print)
Example: The financial focus of these events… (Lewis, 2011)
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Lewis, M. (2011). EDC1300 Perspectives in education: Course notes. Toowoomba, Qld: University of Southern Queensland.
(“EDC1300 Course Notes”, 2011)
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Reading Title. In Compiler/Other Initial. Compiler/Other Surname (Role), Course publication title (Edition, pp. Page Range). Place of Publication: Publisher. (Reprinted from SOURCE Title, Edition., pp. Page Range, Source Publication Location: Source Publisher)
Note: If you need to cite from a book of readings, use the date for that publication. If page numbers are required in text, use the book of readings page numbers, not the page numbers from the original source.
Example:
Example: Example: The staff resource in late capitalism is… (Mishkin & Eakins, 2012, pp. 56-58). Experience can be… (Thompson & Grusec, 2010, p. 103).
Mishkin, F. S., & Eakins, S. G. (2012). Overview of the financial system. In D. Pensiero, & G. Adkins (Comps.), FIN8201 Finance for executives, (pp. 55-75). Sydney, NSW: Pearson Australia. (Reprinted from Financial markets and institutions, 7th ed., pp. 55-75, Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education). Thompson, W. R., & Grusec, J. (2010). Studies of early experience. In R. Pauley (Comp.), Early experience and cognitive development: Selected readings (2nd ed., pp. 100-190). Toowoomba, Qld: University of Southern Queensland. (Reprinted from Carmichael’s manual of child psychology, 3rd ed., vol. 1, pp. 565-654, by P. H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York: Wiley).
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Online course materials
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname(s), Year)
Author/Editor/Compiler Surname, A/E/C Initial. (Year). Title [Format (non-document types)]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL
Notes:
(“Title”, Year)
Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited Only include retrieval date if content is likely to change over time
Whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages.
Example:
Example: Hendry, L. (2011). Visual Pattern perception - shapes, spatial frequency and Gestalt laws [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/mod/resource/view.php?id=457749
The final module (“Outline of inquiry”, 2011) directed s to…
Outline of inquiry. (2011). Retrieved November 15, 2011, from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/course/view.php?id=21580
Unstable strata effecting foundation… (Terry, 2011).
Terry, P. C. (2011). Module 5 - group and team dynamics. Retrieved November 10, 2011, from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/21967/content/studymodules/m05.htm Audio and video (including Breeze presentations):
If the item has no obvious author, start with the title.
BBC World Service. (2011). The family (Family, Sex & Society) [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/essentialguide/theme_fam.shtml Petersen, S. (2011). Classroom reading pedagogy: Reading strategies [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/files.php/21642/Lecture_Reading_Strategies/ind ex.htm As heard in the second lecture… (Zimbardo, 1989).
Zimbardo, P. (1989). The responsive brain (Discovering Psychology) [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/resource/view.php?inpopup+true&id=428028 Notes: Series titles included in the above examples.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Online course readings
Components:
Components:
Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. Retrieved from USQ URL.
Notes: For readings redirected to websites, pages, or databases, follow the instructions outlined in the books, journal articles, and web documents sections of this guide.
Chapter Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Chapter title. In Author/Editor Initial. Author/Editor Surname, (role abbrev.), Title (Edition) (pp. Page Range of Chapter). Retrieved from USQ URL Example:
Journal articles: Arnold, T. (2001). Achieving playtime positives. Journal of Early Childhood, 5(4), 117121. Retrieved from https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/d6s66b-678m-bg7fe098-0as8807g32a8/1/arnold_2001_117.pdf
Otherwise, follow the style for scanned or copied documents that indicate "usqdirect.usq.edu.au" or "usqstudydesk.usq.edu.a u" in the URL. If a DOI is evident, use that in place of the retrieval statement.
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Example:
Book chapters:
(Tuczay, 2005, pp. 16-19) Tuczay (2005, pp. 16-19) states that…
Dafni, A. (2007). The supernatural characters and powers of sacred trees in the Holy Land. Journal of Ethnobiology & Ethnomedicine, 3, pp. 10-16. doi:10.1186/17464269-3-10 Tuczay, C. (2005). Trance, prophets and diviners in the Middle Ages. In E. Pocs (Ed.), Communicating with the spirits: Christian demonology and popular mythology (pp. 215-233). Retrieved from https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/d6s66b511m-bg7f-e098-0as5507g32a3/1/Tuczay_2005_215.pdf
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2 2.1
Further Information on In-Text Citations Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you summarise the ideas, concepts or words from the work of one or more authors. Please note: changing only a few words from another author does not constitute paraphrasing. Type
Examples
If you are referring to the general theme of a book or article
Brown (1991) investigated the effects of ... An investigation into the effects of maternal age (Brown, 1991) found that ...
When to include page numbers When paraphrasing or referring to an idea in another work, page or paragraph numbers are not required. But it can be helpful, for example when paraphrasing or referring to information or an idea that can be located on a particular page, quoting or referring to images, figures or data, or when a work is particularly long and page numbers might be useful for the reader.
Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little water (Kozeny, 1988, pp. 223-224).
When the authors of a source are not part of the formal sentence structure
Reviews of research on sport and reading have concluded that at least some types of reading behaviours are related to higher levels of physical health (Austin, 1990; McGovern & Henderson, 2001; Wright & Morgan, 2001).
Both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal sentence structure
Kozeny (1988, p. 223-224) found soil layers below the well tip contributed little.
Wright and Mander (2002) found that although there was a reduction in literacy, the difference was not statistically significant.
Publication year appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors. Group authors and abbreviations
(University of Southern Queensland, 2009)
The names of groups are usually spelled out each time they appear in text.
University of Southern Queensland (2009)
Only abbreviate if the name is long, cumbersome and the abbreviation is familiar or easily understood. USQ Library
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Type
Examples Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR, 2008) Subsequent citations: (UNHCR, 2008) UNHCR (2008)
One or two authors
Smythe and Jones (2001) found ... (first citation)
Cite the names every time the reference occurs
... as has been shown (Smythe & Jones, 2001). (subsequent citations)
More than two authors For three, four or five authors, cite all authors in the first instance, thereafter, only first author followed by "et al." (not underlined and with no stop after "et") and the year of publication. With six or more authors, cite only the first author followed by "et al." and the year. In the list of references give all names up to and including six authors.
Campbell, Brady, Bradley, and Smithson (1991) found ... (first citation) Campbell et al. (1991) found ... (subsequent citations) Smith et al. (2007) state that … (first and subsequent citations)
"and" or "&"?
Jones and Brady (1991) continued to find ...
In running text use "and" to the names of multiple authors, but use an ampersand (&) inside parentheses.
The authors found the same result in the second and third trials (Jones & Brady, 1991).
Citing multiple works by the same author at the same time
Several studies (Jackson, 1999, 2001a, 2001b, 2005) revealed a similar outcome.
Arrange dates in order (oldest to newest). Use suffixes after the year when there are multiple publications from the same year. If the publication dates are the same, the suffixes are assigned in the reference list where these kinds of references are listed in alphabetical order by title (article, chapter or complete work). Primary authors with the same surname
T.R. Smith (2006) and B. E. Smith (2007) found that ...
Include the first author's initials in all text citations even if the year of publication differs.
J. J. Jackson and Robertson (2000) and E. M. Jackson and Johns (2005) reached the conclusion...
Secondary citations Cumming's (1980) study (as cited in Pauley, 1991) ... USQ Library
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Type
Examples
You must acknowledge both the primary and secondary source of information. To do this, include the primary source first and then insert the words "as cited in" before the secondary source.
This belief has been confirmed (Cumming, 1980, as cited in Pauley, 1991) ...
You do not need to source the primary or original work cited (e.g. Cumming, 1980) but the secondary source (e.g. Pauley, 1991) needs to be given in your list of references. No author When citing a source in text that has no identified author, use a shortened title (or the full title if it is short) and year for the parenthetical citation. Use double quotation marks for article titles, chapter titles or web page titles. Italicize (without quotation marks) book titles.
The in text citation for the online source "New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure" would be ("New Drug," 2001).
(Psychological effects, 1999) (Anonymous, 2007)
For works designated as "Anonymous", cite in text as Anonymous followed by a comma and the date. Legislation (includes Acts and Bills)
The Equal Opportunity Act 1995 (Vic) prohibits ... ... the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) ... ... according to s. 15 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) ... ... Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) ...
Legal authorities (cases)
Carey v. Price (2005) Mabo v. Queensland (1992)
2.2
Quotes
Quotations or quotes are when you use the exact words of another author or your own previously published work. Quotations must always be referenced with page numbers.
Quotations of less than 40 words (approximately) should form part of the text and be designated with double quotation marks.
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With quotations of 40 or more words, DO NOT use quotation marks; set the quotation in an indented (about a half inch) free standing block of text. Use double-line-spacing to separate the quote from the text of your work. Type
Examples
Direct quotation
Less than 40 words: Students receiving "additional information literacy training achieved higher grades than students who did not attend any skills' sessions" (Capel, 2002, p. 323).
Notes: Less than 40 words: Always include the author, year, and page number(s) as part of the citation
40 or more words: Although the groups contained different age groups, they were not differentiated in the feasibility study: The intensive ESL program was enthusiastically ed by the
Do not omit or alter citations embedded within the quote. These embedded citations are not included in your list of references unless used as a primary source elsewhere in your work. In the example to the right, the 2010 article (where the entire quote comes from) is included in the list of references but the 2007 work mentioned within the quote is not, unless it is used as a source elsewhere in the work.
istration and was popular with the young learners and their
For additional paragraphs within the quotation, insert a double-line-spacing and indent the first line of each an additional half inch (five to seven spaces).
and fifth year classes were non-significant (White, Horst, & Bell,
parents. Although the groups differed in age, measures of English and French proficiency and language aptitude istered at the outset of the experiment indicated that differences between the fourth
October 2007); thus in the research reported here, we do not distinguish between the two groups. (Horst, White, & Bell, 2010, p. 334)
Specific parts of a source
(Zelow, 2001, para. 17)
Always give page numbers for quotations (if available).
(Broome & Davies, 1999, para. 5)
For sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if possible, preceded by the abbreviation 'para.'
(Bray, 1999, chap. 3)
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(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
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2.3
Images from other sources Type
Examples
Reproducing or adapting copyrighted photographs, images, tables and figures. Tables and figures (including photographs and other images) should be numbered above in the order in which they are first mentioned in text. The title follows the number.
Table 7. Confidence Intervals With Upper and Lower Limits
In the text, refer to tables and figures by their number:
As shown in Table 7, there is a larger variation than we would expect.
For both print and electronic forms, acknowledge the author and copyright holder in the figure caption or in a note at the bottom of the reproduction.
Note. Reproduced from "Which methods are best suited to the production of high-quality research in geography education?" by G. Butt, 2010, International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 19(2), p. 105. Copyright 2009 by Perks & Prestage.
If copyright permission footnotes are required, refer to the Publication manual.
Note. Adapted from Emissions trading & competitiveness: Allocations, incentives and industrial competitiveness under the EU Emisions Trading Scheme (p. 60), by M. Grubb and K. Neuhoff (Eds.), 2006, London: Earthscan. Copyright 2006 by J. Sijm, K. Neufoff and Y. Chen.
Non-copyright or personal images or data sourced from others For images, tables or data used with the permission of another party, treat as you would a personal communication. Cite in text only and do not include in the reference list. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible
2.4
O. Stone (personal communication, March 29, 2001)
(M. A. Toby, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)
Images with a Creative Commons Licence
For items with a Creative Commons Licence, see the USQ Creative Commons Website for more information.
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Type
Examples
Creative Commons Information about the Creative Commons Licence is entered directly after the item is used, within your assignment.
... (Zawacki-Richter, Hanft & Backer, 2011, p. 2). Used under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
There is no need to include Creative Commons licensing information in your list of references at the end of the assignment. Reference the item as you would normally, according to its format. Information about Creative Commons Licences is to be included with your in-text citations only.
2.5
Publication dates Type
Examples
Using the year
Within the text - (Smith, 2007) or Smith (2007)
For journals, books, and audiovisual media, use the year.
List of References - (2007)
Including the month, season or other designation
Within the text - (Jones, 2007, December) or Jones (2007, December)
If a journal or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include the month, season or other designation with the year.
List of References - (2007, December)
Including the day
Within the text - (Brown, 2007, December 12) or Brown (2007, December 12)
For dailies and weeklies, include the day.
List of References - (2007, December 12)
Works accepted for publication but not yet published.
Within the text - (Mills, in press) or Mills (in press) List of References - (in press)
No date available.
Within the text - (Boon, n.d.) or Boon (n.d.) List of References - (n.d.)
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3 3.1
Additional help More information and additional guides
This guide draws from the: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. The aim of this guide is to provide basic referencing information. For more detailed information about how to write, structure and publish to APA standards, refer to the Publication manual. This guide varies from the Publication manual in the treatment of journal articles held only in the University's database subscriptions (without DOIs), the online course readings repository and Creative Commons items. 3.2
Need additional help applying these guides?
the Library or consult the following: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. (Call number 808.06615 Pub). APA style homepage: http://www.apastyle.org/ While the Library is not responsible for checking lists of references we can refer you to our referencing guides and the published manuals listed to help you ensure the accuracy of your referencing. 3.3
Assignment help
Help with assignment writing and referencing is also available from The Learning Centre.
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Compiled by USQ Library
Disclaimer:
This guide is accurate at the time of publication (September 2016). For a comprehensive and current version of the APA Referencing style check the USQ Online APA guide at http://www.usq.edu.au/library/referencing/apa-referencing-guide
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Contents APA Referencing Style.......................................................................................................... 3 List of References ................................................................................................................. 3 How to cite references within the text of an assignment ........................................................ 3 1.
2
3
Reference List and In-Text Citations Examples.............................................................. 4 1.1
Books (print and online) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2
Journal and newspaper articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.3
Web documents and sites ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
1.4
Other electronic media .............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
1.5
Audiovisual examples ............................................................................................................................................................................... 22
1.6
Legislation and legal authorities ................................................................................................................................................................ 26
1.7
Unpublished works ................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
1.8
Proceedings and technical reports ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
1.9
USQ course materials ............................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Further Information on In-Text Citations ....................................................................... 35 2.1
Paraphrasing ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 35
2.2
Quotes ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
2.3
Images from other sources ....................................................................................................................................................................... 39
2.4
Images with a Creative Commons Licence ............................................................................................................................................... 39
2.5
Publication dates ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Additional help ............................................................................................................. 41 3.1
More information and additional guides .................................................................................................................................................... 41
3.2
Need additional help applying these guides? ............................................................................................................................................ 41
3.3
Assignment help ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
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APA Referencing Style Academic conventions and copyright law require that you acknowledge when you use the ideas of others. In most cases, this means stating which book or journal article is the source of an idea or quotation. This guide draws from the: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. University policy mandates the use of the APA Style defined by this referencing guide.
List of References
The reference list includes only the sources you have used in any submission. APA Style requires reference lists, not bibliographies. The reference list begins a new page with the centred heading - References Double-space all reference entries.* Reference list entries should be indented half an inch (five to seven spaces) on the second and subsequent lines of the reference list for every entry - a hanging indent is the preferred style. (i.e. entries should begin flush left, and the second and subsequent lines should be indented). Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author as the letters appear (e.g. M, Mac, MacD, Mc). If the list contains more than one item published by the same author(s) in the same year, add lower case letters immediately after the year to distinguish them (e.g. 1983a). If there is no author, the title moves to the author position (filed under the first significant word of the title). If the title in this instance begins with numerals, spell them out. States and territories are abbreviated in the location section of the publication information. For U.S. states, use the official two-letter postal service abbreviation (e.g. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill). Spell out country names if outside Australia or the United States.
How to cite references within the text of an assignment Use the author-date method of citation for quotations (exact words of another author) and paraphrasing (summarising the words and ideas of one or more authors). Use the format as indicated in the USQ course outlines. In general USQ formatting requires work to be double-spaced including the headings, footnotes, quotations, references and figure captions. Triple- or quadruple- spacing may be applied in special circumstances such as before and after displayed items. Single- or one-and-a-half line spacing is never used except inside tables or figures or as directed. For additional information on In-Text Citations see Section 2, page 35 *To assist with printing, reference examples shown in this guide are single spaced.
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1. Reference List and In-Text Citations Examples 1.1
Books (print and online) Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Up to seven authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Edition). Place of Publication: Publisher.
List all author names.
Examples:
Example:
Bernstein and Tiegerman (1989, pp. 1416) have illustrated…
Bernstein, D. K., & Tiegerman, E. (1989). Language and communication disorders in children (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merill.
(Calder, 2009, p. 12)
Calder, A. (2009). Compliance for green IT: A pocket guide. Ely, England: IT Governance.
Calder (2009, p. 12) states that … (Curwen, Palmer & Ruddell, 2000, p. 13)
Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive behaviour therapy (Brief Therapies Series). London, England: Sage.
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname, et al., Year, p. Page No.)
In-text citations should use the first author surname and ‘et al.’
Author A Surname, Author A Initial., Author B Surname, Author B Initial., Author C Surname, Author C Initial., Author D Surname, Author D Initial., Author E Surname, Author E Initial., Author F Surname, Author F Initial., …Author (Last) Surname, Author (Last) Initial. (Year). Title (Edition). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Examples:
More than seven authors
In the Reference List, list the first six author names, followed by an ellipsis (…) and then the last author.
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(Midgley et al., 2000, p. 12) Midgley et al. (2000, p. 12) states that …
Example: Midgley, C., Maehr, M. L., Hruda, L., Anderman, E. M., Freeman, K. E., Gheen, M., … Urdan, T., (2000). Manual for the patterns of adaptive learning scales (PALS). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Edited books
Components:
Components:
(Editor Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Editor Surname, Editor Initial. (Ed.). (Year). Title of work, Place of Publication: Publisher. Example:
Examples: (Roy, 2008, p. 12) Roy (2008, p. 12) states that …
Grubb, M., & Neuhoff, K. (Eds.). (2006). Emissions trading & competitiveness: Allocations, incentives and industrial competitiveness under the EU emissions trading scheme. London: Earthscan. Roy, M. J. (Ed.). (2006). Novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (NATO Security Through Science Series). Amsterdam: IOS.
Online books
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Edition). DOI
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique name assigned by the International DOI Foundation that provides a persistent link to its location on the Internet. When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate the content. A Uniform Recourse Locator (URL) is a website address
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Edition). ‘Retrieved from URL’
Example: Examples:
When a DOI is available, use the DOI:
(Leaver, 2005, p. 12)
Leaver, B. L., Ehrman, M., & Shekhtman, B. (2005). Achieving success in second language acquisition. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610431
Leaver (2005, p. 12) states that …
When a DOI is not available, use the URL: Burton, R. (1832). The anatomy of melancholy. Retrieved from http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/melancholy/ Database information may be given for books (monographs) of limited circulation (e.g. from the University's database subscriptions): Nazareth, L. (2007). The leisure economy: How changing demographics, economics, and generational attitudes will reshape our lives and our industries [Monograph]. Retrieved from Books24x7 database.
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Type
In-text citation
Online books
Reference list Use "Available from" when the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material (rather than to the material itself):
(Continued)
Tyler, G. W. (n.d.). Evolution in the systems age. Available from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=46&page=2 Books ed to mobile devices (without a DOI): Ware, C. (2010). Cottage by the sea [Kindle version]. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks Landmark. Articles or chapters in edited books or encyclopaedias
Components:
Components:
(Chapter Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Chapter Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title of chapter or entry. In Author/Editor Initial. Author/Editor Surname, (role abbrev.), Title of book (pp. Page Range of Chapter). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Notes: Individual chapters may have their own DOI.
Example: Termination is considered to be… (Dadds, James, Barrett, & Verhulst, 2004, p. 1) Jacobs and Hall (2002), consider the task...
Example: Dadds, M. R., James, R. C., Barrett, P. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (2004). Diagnostic issues. In T. H. Ollendick & J. S. March (Eds.), Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A clinician's guide to effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions (Part 1, pp. 3-33). Retrieved from ebrary database. Jacobs, G. M., & Hall, S. (2002). Implementing cooperative learning. In J. C. Richards & W. A. Renandya (Eds.), Methodology in language teaching: An anthology of current practice (pp. 52-58). doi:10.1017/CBO9780511667190.009
No authors or editors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Title (shortened), Year, p. Page No.)
Anonymous. (Year). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.
If no authors or editors, move the title to that position If a work is signed “Anonymous”, begin entry with the word Anonymous as if it were a true author name. In text, use a few words of the title (in italics), or the whole title if it is short
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Title. (Year). Place of Publication: Publisher. Example:
Example:
… as was argued (Anonymous, 1996)
Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors: A novel of politics. New York, NY: Random House.
These effects can be seen in… (Psychological effects, 1999, p. 27)
Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction: A survey of the psychological side of socalled "designer drugs". (1999). Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House.
Psychological effects (1999) illustrated that...
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Author as publisher
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation Name, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial./Organisation Name. (Year). Title (Edition). Place of Publication: Author.
Example:
Example:
(American Psychiatric Association, 2001, p. 26)
American Psychiatric Association. (2001). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Group authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surnames, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Name. Subdivision Name. (Year). Title (series title if applicable). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Full official names of group authors such as associations or government agencies should be used. Parent bodies precede subdivisions.
Example:
File by the first significant word.
These statistics are… (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006, p. 161)
Author Name. Subdivision Name. (Year). Title (series title if applicable). Retrieved from URL.
Church laws would show... (Church of England, 1877)
Nicotine has been shown… (United States, Public Health Service, 1988, pp. 44-46)
Example: Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Measures of Australia's progress (Catalogue No. 1370.0). Canberra: Author. Church of England. Archdeaconry of Maidstone. (1877). The Church in its divine constitution and office, and in its relations with the civil power: A charge delivered to the clergy of the Archdeaconry of Maidstone at the ordinary visitation in May 1877; with notes (Talbot Collection of British Pamphlets). Retrieved from http://www.archive.org/details/churchin itsdivin00chur United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General. (1988). The health consequences of smoking: Nicotine addiction; a report of the Surgeon General (DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88-8406). Rockville, MD: Office of Smoking and Health. World Bank. (2008). Textbooks and school library provision in secondary education in SubSaharan Africa (World Bank Working Paper No. 126. Africa Human Development Series). Retrieved from EBL database. Note: series titles have been included where applicable in the above examples.
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1.2
Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Acknowledging editors, compilers, revisers, translators, or illustrators
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Edition) (Editor Initial. Editor Surname, Editor Role.). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Notes:
Example:
If the author’s role remains of primary importance, editors, compilers, revisers, translators, or illustrators can also be acknowledged.
These statistics are… (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006, p. 161).
Use abbreviations such as Ed., Eds, Comp., Comps., Rev., Revs., Trans., Illus.
Nicotine has been shown… (United States, Public Health Service, 1988, pp. 44-46)
Church laws would show... (Church of England, 1877).
Example: Levy-Leboyer, C. (1982). Psychology and environment (D. Cantor & I. Griffiths, Trans.). Beverley Hills, CA: Sage. (Original work published 1979). Note: The Publication Manual does not include examples for illustrators but the following format would be consistent: Reesink, M. (1980). The princess who always ran away (F. Tresy, Illus.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Journal and newspaper articles Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Journal articles with a DOI
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. doi:DOI No.
Notes: Use both volume and issue numbers when available.
When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate the content.
Example: A study states that… (Radford 2001, pp. 157-59)
September 2016
Radford, M. (2001). Aesthetic and religious awareness among pupils: Similarities and differences. British Journal of Music Education, 18(2), 151-159. doi:10.1017/s0265051701000249
A 2001 study states that… (Radford, pp. 157-59) Rindermann and Ceci’s (2009, p. 555) findings suggest that outcomes are…
USQ Library
Examples:
Rindermann, H., & Ceci, S. J. (2009). Educational policy and country outcomes in international cognitive competence studies. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(6), 551-568. doi:10.111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Online journal articles without a DOI
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. Retrieved from URL.
Notes: If no DOI is assigned, give the URL of the journal home page if the article is available there.
Even if you obtain your article from an online database or another source, try to locate the URL of the journal's home page that provides access to the article.
Example: When dealing with power… (RussellBowie, 2010, p. 66) An intervention study (Powell, 1990) showed that…
Examples: Russell-Bowie, D. (2010). Cross-national comparisons of background and confidence in visual arts and music education of pre-service primary teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 35(4), 65-78. Retrieved from http://ajte.education.ecu.edu.au/ If the article was obtained from one of the University's limited circulation database subscriptions, use the URL for the journal's entry/search page within the database (or the database's overall search page if that is not available): Powell, D. E. (1990). Home-based intervention of preschoolers with emotional disturbances and autism. Preventing School Failure, 34(4), 41-45. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/ehost/detail?hid=22&sid=49a21459-73a6%3d%3d#db=a9h&jid=PSF Online newspaper articles. Give the URL of the home page: McMahon, S. (2010, July 19). Fund new Victorian era. Herald Sun. Retrieved from http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ Note: Newspaper articles from a database (if the article is not available from the newspaper's home/search page): Susskind, A. (1986, September 2). Academic blast for English class texts. Sydney Morning Herald, 1. Retrieved from http://global.factiva.com/sb/default.aspx?|nep=hp Newsletter articles: Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiative conference. (2006, November/December). OJJDP News @ a Glance. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/news_at_glance/216684/topstory.html
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Print articles without a DOI
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range.
For articles with no identified author, in text use a short title in double quotation marks (or the full title if it is short) for the parenthetical citation: ("New Drug", 1993, July 15).
Example: Coltheart and Prior (2006, p. 158) discussed Aboriginal identity as… The frogs are… (Beemster, 2008, pp. 27-29)
Examples: Coltheart, M., & Prior, M. (2006). Learning to read in Australia. Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities, 11(4), 157-164. If a magazine or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include the month, season or other designation with the year: Beemster, M. (2008, December). Saving the Southern Bell Frog. Australian Landcare, 27-29. For daily or weekly newspapers, include the day and precede the page numbers with p. or pp: Murray, E. (2001, May 9). Refugee crisis! [Letter to the editor]. Weekend Australian, p. A13. New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, pp. A12, A14, A16-A17.
Up to seven authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author A Surname, Author A Initial., Author B Surname, Author B Initial., Author C Surname, Author C Initial., Author D Surname, Author D Initial., Author E Surname, Author E Initial. & Author F Surname, Author F Initial., Author (Last) Initial (Year). Article title, Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. DOI / Retrieved from URL
List all authors. When using In Text, for three, four, or five authors cite all authors in the first instance, thereafter, only first author followed by "et al." (not underlined and with no stop after "et”) and the year of publication.
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September 2016
Example: A study (Dyer, Pizzorno, Qu, Valach, Marshall, & Young, 2010, p. 350) discussed unconscious identity as… This study also… (Dyer et al., 2010, p. 355)
Examples: Dyer, B., Pizzorno, C. C., Qu, K., Valach, L., Marshall, S. K., & Young, R. A. (2010). Unconscious processes in a career counselling case: An action-theoretical perspective, British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 38(3), 343-362. doi:10.1080/15388220.2010.483182
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
More than seven authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname et al., Year, p. Page No.)
Author A Surname, Author A Initial., Author B Surname, Author B Initial., Author C Surname, Author C Initial., Author D Surname, Author D Initial., Author E Surname, Author E Initial., Author F Surname, Author F Initial., …Author (Last) Surname, Author (Last) Initial (Year). Article title, Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. DOI / Retrieved from URL
In-text citations should use the first author surname and ‘et al.’
Example:
Examples:
Vaillancourt et al. (2010), discussed Aboriginal identity as…
Vaillancourt, T., Trinh, V., McDougall, P., Duku, E., Cunningham, L., Cunningham, C., ... Short, K. (2010). Optimizing population screening of bullying in school-aged children. Journal of School Violence, 9(3), 233-250. doi:10.1080/03069885.1010.482395
No authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(“Title”, Year, p. Page No.)
Article Title. (Year). Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. DOI / Retrieved from URL
In the Reference List, list the first six author names, an ellipsis (…) and then the last author.
If there is no author, move the article title to author position. If a work is signed "Anonymous", begin Reference entry with Anonymous as if it were a true name.
Example: “In brief” (2010) discussed this issue… This issue was covered in a way… (“In brief”, 2010).
Examples: In brief. (2010). Harvard Heart Letter, 20(12), 7. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/ehost/detail?hid=22&sid=6544e16c-21a34092-87adac80b1cda933%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d #db=a9h&jid=HHR
Group authors
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Name, Year, p. Page No.)
Full official names of group authors such as associations or government agencies should be used.
Example:
Author Name. Subdivision Name. (Year). Article title, Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. DOI / Retrieved from URL
Parent bodies precede subdivisions.
A 1998 study (University of Queensland, Department of Social Work, pp. 22-23) found that…
File by the first significant word.
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September 2016
The study found that… (British Medical Association, 2007, p. 145)
Examples: British Medical Association. (2007). British Medical Association expert witness guidance. Clinical Risk, 13(4), 143-146. doi:10.1258/13562620778125112 University of Queensland. Department of Social Work. (1998). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health: Current policy issues. Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 26(1), 18-24.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Reviews, peer commentary, and abstracts
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Review of type of source Source Title, by Source Author Name]. Journal Title, Volume No(Issue Number), page range. DOI / Retrieved from URL.
Notes: Identify the type of medium being reviewed in [square] brackets (including author names) as required.
If the details of the item being reviewed are clear from the title of the review, no additional explanatory material in brackets is needed.
If the review is untitled, use the bracketed information as the title.
If the author and source author are the same person do not repeat source author information (see Morris example)
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September 2016
Examples: Example: Boyd (2010, p.10) reviewed Carey’s… The test was… (Brooks, Sherman, & Strauss, 2010, p. 85)
Boyd, W. (2010). Man as an island [Review of the book William Golding, by John Carey]. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/ Brooks, B. L., Sherman, M. S., & Strauss, E. (2010). Test review: NEPSY-II: A developmental neuropsychological assessment, second edition [Review of the test NEPSY-II, by M. Korkman, U. Kirk & S. Kemp]. Child Neuropsychology, 16(1), 80-101. doi:10.1080/09297040903146966 Review without a source:
Giroux was viewed as… (Morris, 2008, p.9)
Morris, S. (2008). Henry Giroux - urgently necessary and necessarily urgent: An essay review [Review of the book Against the terror of neoliberalism: Politics beyond the age of greed]. Education Review, 11(3). Retrieved from http://edrev.info/index.html Abstract as an original source: Lim, J. M. (2010). Commenting on research results in applied linguistics and education: A comparative genre-based investigation. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 9(4), 280. Abstract retrieved from http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622440/description#desc ription Pedder, D., & Opfer, V. D. (2010). Planning and organisation of teachers' Continuous Professional Development in schools in England [Abstract]. Curriculum Journal, 21(4), 433. doi:10.1080/09585176.2010.529652
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1.3
Web documents and sites
The goals of a citation to online material are to credit the author and to enable the reader to find the material. When citing Internet sources, observe the following guidelines:
Follow previous sections for format of author, date, and title elements. The date element should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular revision, the most recent update. Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages. Include retrieval dates where the source material is likely to change over time. Provide addresses that work where possible.
When citing entire websites, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text only (e.g. Comprehensive information about the University can be found at http://www.usq.edu.au, or, the University of Southern Queensland website (http://www.usq.edu.au) gives comprehensive information).
Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Author and date known
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.
Notes:
Example:
Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time
Example: It has been shown that… (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011). Allen (2004) covered in a way…
Allen, D. (2004). Dealing with your meeting notes. Retrieved from http://www.effectivemeetings.com/meetingbasics/notes.asp American Psychological Association. (2008). HIV Office on Psychology Education (HOPE). Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://www.apa.org/pi/aids/hope.html Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011). Australia's health 2004. Retrieved October 10, 2015, from http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10014
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
No author given
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(“Title”, Year)
Title. (Year). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.
In-text should put the title in quotation marks “”.
Example:
Example:
“Psychological perspectives” (n.d.) discussed this issue…
Psychological perspectives (n.d.). Retrieved June 2, 2001, from http://www.onl.org.jp/horo~3/html
If a work is signed "Anonymous", begin Reference List entry with the word Anonymous as if it were a true name.
1.4
This issue was covered in a way… (“Psychological perspectives”, n.d.).
Other electronic media
The date element should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular revision, the most recent update. After the title of the work, insert in brackets as part of the title element (i.e., before the period) the type of medium for the material. A retrieval or availability statement replaces the location and name of the publisher typically provided for text references. Use "Available from" when the URL leads to information on how to obtain the cited material (rather than to the material itself). Include retrieval dates where the source material is likely to change over time (e.g. Wikis).
See also, Audiovisual (Section 1.5) for some examples not included here. Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Theses or dissertations
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Type of Material). Retrieved from URL. (Accession Number if available).
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Theses or dissertations
Example:
Example:
Recent studies (Murray, 2008, p.63) include revelations that…
Retrieved from a database:
(Continued)
Murray, B. P. (2008). Prior knowledge, two teaching approaches for metacognition: Main idea and summarization strategies in reading (Doctoral dissertation, Fordham University, New York). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. (AAT 3302116) Retrieved from an institutional or personal Web site: McDonald, J. (2007). The role of online discussion forums in ing learning in higher education (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Queensland). Retrieved from http://eprints.usq.edu.au/3588/2/McDonald_2007_whole.pdf
Encyclopaedias and dictionaries
Components:
Components:
(Surname/Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Subject or Term Title. In Author/Editor Initial. Author/Editor Surname (Role e.g Ed.), Title. DOI / Retrieved from URL.
Notes: Give the home or index page URL for reference works.
Subject or Term. (Year). Source Title. Retrieved from URL. Example: Psychotherapy is defined as… (Claiborn, 2008) The case aligns with accepted medical traits (Psychotherapy, 2008).
Annual Reports
Example: Claiborn, C. D. (2008). Psychotherapy. In D. Hoiberg (Ed.), Encyclopaedia Britannica online (Academic ed.). Retrieved from http://search.eb.com Psychotherapy. (2008). Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Retrieved June 17, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Components:
Components:
(Surname/Organisation, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title. Retrieved from URL. Example:
Example: Revenue for the department was… (BHP Billiton, 2007, p. 26)
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September 2016
BHP Billiton. (2007). 2007 BHP Billiton annual report. Retrieved from http://bhpbilliton.com/bbContentRepository/20071114140799/bhbpannualrep ort07.pdf
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Fact sheets, brochures, and press releases
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, p. (Page No.)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Item Type/Format]. Retrieved from URL
Example:
Example: Australian Museum. (2003). Concretions, thunder eggs and geodes [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.austmus.gov.au/factsheets/geodes.htm
Extinction rates were... (Florek, 2003, p. 2)
Florek, S. (2003). Megafauna extinction: Patterns of extinction [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.austmus.gov.au/factsheets/megafauna.htm Xerox Corporation. (2004).Looks small, acts big: The Xerox Phaser 3150 personal laser printer for business [Brochure]. Retrieved from http://www.office.xerox.com/latest/315BR-01.PDF
Presentation slides
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, p. (Page No.)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Slide Format]. Retrieved from URL
Example: (OWL at Purdue University, 2004, p. 4)
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September 2016
Example: OWL at Purdue University. (2004).Conquering the comma [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/comma.PPT#256,1,Conquering the Comma
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Images
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL.
Be consistent when specifying the medium in [square] brackets, immediately after the title.
Use Titles in place of Authors if no author is identified.
Message posted to newsgroups, online forums, discussion groups, or electronic mailing lists
Title [Format]. (Year). Retrieved from URL Example: (Human skeleton, 2011)
Human skeleton [Image]. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.teachpe.com/images/anatomy/skeleton.jpg
(Saudi Arabia, 2009)
Saudi Arabia [Topographic map]. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/sa.htm
(Tunbridge, 2003)
Tunbridge, D. I. (2003).Volunteers of the ACT Bushfire Service lighting a back-burn on the Mount Franklin Road, Brindabella Ranges, on the night of 11/12 January 2003 [Digital photograph]. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/nla.pican24954626
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, Month Day)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL
Notes: For personal email, refer to personal communication in the section on unpublished works.
Example:
Example: (Blaire, 2007, January 20) (Moore, 2006, October 29)
Example: Blaire, T. (2007, January 20). Transition in leadership [Electronic mailing list message].Retrieved from http://www.polgov.org/mail-archive/rp/msg7.html Moore, R. (2006, October 29). Survey of test subjects [Newsgroup message]. Retrieved from news://sci.psychology.consciousness
Include the name of the list to which the message was posted if the information is not part of the URL.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Wikis
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Title of Wiki Topic, Year)
Title of Wiki Topic. (Year). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Title of Wiki: URL
Long topic titles can be shortened in the in-text citation.
Example:
Example:
("Self-study", 2007)
Self-study: Broadening the concepts of participation and program . (2007). Retrieved June 18, 2008, from Adult Literacy Education (ALE) Wiki: http://wiki.literacytent.org/index.php/SelfStudy:_Broadening_the_Concepts_of_Participation_and_Program_
Audio podcasts
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL
Example: (Curtis & Diez, 2008) (Hutcheon, 2008, June 15)
Example: Curtis, B., & Diez, M. (2008).Intermediate Spanish podcast42: La Mafia [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.notesinspanish.com/category/intermediate-spanish-podcast/ Hutcheon, J. (2008, June 15).Jane Hutcheon reflects on life in London [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2008/s2274772.htm
Video podcasts
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, Month Day)
Give the name and, in brackets, the function of the originator or primary contributors (the director or the producer, or both).
Example:
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL Example:
(Holland & Harris, 2008, June 12)
(National Geographic Society, 2008, May 19)
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September 2016
Holland, A. (Producer), & Harris, H. (Director). (2008, June 12). Bog man [Video podcast].Retrieved from ABC: http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2272392.html National Geographic Society. (Producer). (2008, May 19).Chimp memory beats humans' [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.podanza.com/podcast/national-geographic-videoshorts/42ac4d6d3d12b6ad80303e9f6556d4a0/
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Streaming videos
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL. Title (Series Title) [Format]. (Year). Retrieved from URL
Example: (Cambridge Educational, 2011)
(Sarra, 2010)
("William James", 2011)
Example: Cambridge Educational. (Producer). (2011). Alcohol and the family: Breaking the chain [Video]. Retrieved from http://digital.films.com.libdbauth.nait.ab.ca/portal/Playlists.aspx?aid=7892&xt di98765 Sarra, C. (2010). Elders and community [Video].Retrieved from http://mediasite.eq.edu.au/eq/Viewer/?peid=bb3dbc846b2a4426ae2f1256bca 8cf7e William James: The psychology of possibility (Giants of Psychology) [Video]. (2011). Retrieved from http://ffh.films.com/id/20410/William_James_The_Psychology_of_Possibility. htm Note: Series titles included where applicable in the above examples.
Interviews
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Interviewer Surname/Organisation & Interviewee Surname/Organisation, Year, Month Day, p. (Page No.)
Interviewer Surname/Organisation, Interviewer Initial. (Interviewer), Interviewee Surname/Organisation, Interviewee Initial. (Interviewee). (Year, Month Day). Title [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from URL.
Example:
Example:
(Hughes & Cilento, 2000, June 20, p. 4)
Hughes, R. (Interviewer), & Cilento, D. (Interviewee). (2000, June 20). Diane Cilento [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from http://www.australianbiography.gov.au/subjects/cilento/intertext1.html
Interviews that are not retrievable should be cited in text as a personal communication (including year, month day) and not included in the reference list (see section on unpublished works).
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Blog posts
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, Month Day)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL.
Example:
Video blog posts (e.g. Youtube)
(Bedford, 2008, June 12)
Bedford, T. (2008, June 12). Re: Got a problem using EndNote? Let us know here [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://library.usq.edu.au/wordpress/?p=539
(McGarry, 2008, June 13)
McGarry, A. (2008, June 13). China's pain fires Olympic dream [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://blogs.abc.net.au/olympics/
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, Month Day)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL.
Example: (Bridge TEFL, 2007, October 5) (Westrom, 2009, June 8)
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September 2016
Example:
Example: Bridge TEFL. (2007, October 5). TEFL online tutorial: Teaching grammar in context [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXg3w_jbNrc Westrom, M. (2009, June 18). Psychology - short and long term memory [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TausqSK9p9k
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Computer programs, software, or programming languages
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/ Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Version) [Computer Software/Language/Program]. Retrieved from URL.
Notes: Reference list entries are not necessary for standard software and programming languages. Provide entries for specialized software or programs with limited distribution. Only include retrieval date if content is likely to change over time
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title (Version) [Computer Software/Language/Program]. Location: Name of Producer Example: (Schoonjans, 2008)
If no version number is available, include the retrieval date. Do not italicise the names of software, programs, or languages.
Example: Schoonjans, F. (2008). MedCalc Statistical Software (Version 9.5.2.0) [Computer software]. Retrieved from 3D2F.COM Software Directory: http://3d2f.com/programs/13-638medcalc-statistical-software-.shtml No author example
(Comprehensive MetaAnalysis, Version 2, n.d.)
If an individual has proprietary rights to the software, name them as the author; otherwise, treat such references as unauthored works.
Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) [computer software]. Englewood, NJ: Biosat Tools and applications: CultureGPS lite (Version 1.13) [Computer software]. (2011). Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/app/culturegps-lite/id297051765?mt=8 Pages (Version 1.5) [Computer software]. (2011). Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/us/pages/id361309726?mt=8&ls=1
If the program can be ed or ordered from the web, give this information in the publisher position.
(Scott, 2011)
Scott, C. (2011). Treasure hunt - the interactive boardgame (Version 1.1) [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/treasure-hunt-theinteractive/id4425986640?mt=8
Data sets
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL.
(Title, Year) Example: (Government of Southern Sudan, 2010) (twins.dta, 2003)
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Title [Format]. (Year). Retrieved from URL. Example: Government of Southern Sudan. Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. Directorate of Planning and Budgeting. (2010). South Sudan 2010 secondary data (2010 Annual School Census) [Data file]. Retrieved from http://southsudan.ed-assist.net/ twins.dta - twins study (life characteristics in midlife) (UCLA Statistics Data Sets) [Data file]. (2003). Retrieved from http://www.stat.ucla.edu/data/
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1.5
Audiovisual examples Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Motion Pictures
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role), & Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Year). Title [Format]. Country of Origin: Studio.
Example: The film’s central thesis assumes that audiences… (Grazer & Howard, 2001) Videos and DVDs
Example: Grazer, B. (Producer), & Howard, R. (Director). (2001). A beautiful mind [Motion picture]. USA: Universal Studios.
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Format]. Production Location: Studio.
(Title, Year)
Title [Format]. (Year). Production Location: Studio. Example:
Example:
s are directed to navigate… (Strang, 1992)
Strang, G. (1992). The teaching of calculus: Careful changes (Selected Lectures in Mathematics) [Videocassette]. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society.
Self-testing intelligence is… (The self, 2001)
The self: Testing and intelligence (Discovering Psychology) [DVD]. (2001). Boston, MA: WGBH Educational Foundation. Note: Series titles included where applicable in the above examples.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Television programmes
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Television programme:
(Title, Year).
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Date Aired Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Program Location: TV Network. Television series: Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Year). Title of series [Television series]. Program Location: TV Network. Television series episode: Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Date Aired Year, Month Day). Title of episode [Television series episode]. In Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. [role], Title of series. Program Location: TV Network.
Example:
Example: Television programme:
Campbell’s programme covered issues… (Four Corners, 2004)
Campbell, C. (Executive producer). (2011, February 9). The 7pm project [Television program]. Melbourne, Vic: Network TEN. Television series: Gunton, M. (Executive producer). (2009). Life [Television series]. United Kingdom: BBC Natural History Unit. Television series episode:
The program included frequent references to… (Fairfax, Mulholland, & Rich, 2005)
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September 2016
Fairfax, F. (Writer), Mulholland, T., & Rich, J. (Directors). (2005). The curse of Tutankhamun [Television series episode]. In P. Dolling [Executive producer], Egypt: Rediscovering a lost world. United Kingdom: British Broadcasting Corporation.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Music recordings
Components:
Components:
Notes:
(Author Surname, Year, Side/Band/Track No.
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Copyright Year). Title of music [Recorded by Artist Name if different from Author]. On Title of Album [Format of Recording]. Production Location: Music Label. (date of recording if different from copyright date)
In text, include the side, band or track numbers.
Example: Example: "The Last of the Pioneers" (Williamson, 2003, track 5) ...
Audio recordings
Badnews, U. R. (1927). We only live twice [Recorded by P. Murray]. On Resurrection [CD]. Sandgate, Qld: Ibis Records. (1999) Williamson, J. (2003). The last of the pioneers. On Home among the gum trees [CD]. Pyrmont, NSW: EMI Australia.
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Role). (Year). Title (Optional Source Details) [Format]. Production Location: Publisher.
(“Title”, Year)
Title (Optional Source Details) [Format]. (Year). Production Location: Publisher. Example: Example: s are directed to navigate… (Bacon, 1997) The atmosphere presented… (“Australian poetry live”, 1996)
Australian poetry live: Classics from the Hazel de Berg collection [Audiocassette]. (1996). Canberra, ACT: National Library of Australia. Bacon, T. (Writer). (1997). Amazing journeys (Literacy Links Plus Fluent D) [Audiocassette]. Auckland, NZ: Shortland. Costa, P. T. (Speaker). (1998). Personality and continuity (Audio Recording No. 207-433-88A-B) [Audiocassette]. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Smith, D. (2001, August 16). Airline nightmare (Audio Recording from Nightline series) [Audiocassette]. Brisbane, Qld: Australian Broadcasting Commission.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Other non-book media
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Title [Format]. Production Location: Producer.
Notes:
(“Title”, Year)
Media formats can include, but are not limited to, the following: Motion picture, Television program, Television series, Television series episode, CD, Record, Cassette, Audiocassette, Audiorecord, Audiotape, DVD, Videotape, Videorecording, Videocassette, Computer software, Data file, Chart, Flashcard, Game, Picture, Transparency, Slide, Realia, Kit, Filmstrip, Print, Work of art, Microform, etc.
Title [Format]. (Year). Production Location: Producer. Example:
Example:
Leading a small group to… (Leadership Research Institute, 1999).
Hill, M. (1985). Australia's first people (Social Studies Wallcharts) [Chart]. Sydney, NSW: McGraw-Hill.
Fractions can be used to… (“Fractions are easy”, 1985).
Fractions are as easy as pie: A game of common fractions [Game]. (1985). Baltimore, MD: Media Materials. Leadership Research Institute. (1999). Creative leadership [Brochure]. Toowoomba, Qld: Author. Measuring cylinders [Realia]. (n.d.). England: Gradplex
Nervous system [Picture]. (2006). Burleigh Heads: Network Education Australia. Shaping the future: Working with the under-threes [Kit]. (2000). Buckingham, United Kingdom: Open University Press. Zupelz - orange: Stimulating logical thinking - one puzzle at a time [Flashcard]. (n.d.). Narangba, Qld: Origo Education. Note: Series titles included where applicable in the above examples
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1.6
Legislation and legal authorities
For more comprehensive information and other jurisdictions, see the Bluebook The bluebook: A uniform system of citation (19th ed.). (2010). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Review Association. Citations should be made to the print source unless an electronic source is designated the official version. (For Internet and online sources use Citation, URL. Or if it is from a commercial electronic database, use Citation (Name of the Database).). The following examples are for the Australian jurisdiction only. Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Legislation (includes Acts and Bills)
Components:
Components:
Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction)
Acts: Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction Abbreviation) Subdivision (if relevant) (Country Abbreviation). Bills: Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction Abbreviation) (Country Abbreviation).
Example: The Equal Opportunity Act 1995 (Vic) prohibits ... ... the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) ... ... according to s. 15 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) ...
Legal authorities (cases)
Examples: Acts: Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (Austl.). Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15 (Austl.). Bills:
... Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) ...
Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) (Austl.).
Components:
Components:
(Case Party v. Case Party Year)
Case Party v. Case Party (Year) Volume Number Reporter Abbreviation First Page (Country Abbreviation).
Example: Precedent exists for… (Carey v. Price 2005)
Examples:
In Mabo v. Queensland (1992), it was argued that…
Carey v. Price (2005) 132 ALR 255 (Austl.) Mabo v. Queensland (1988) 166 CLR 186 (Austl.)
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1.7
Unpublished works Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Personal communications
Components:
In-text citation only
(Correspondent Initial. Surname, personal communication, Month Day, Year).
Notes:
Cite personal correspondence in text only.
Example: O. Stone (personal communication, March 29, 2001) (M. A. Toby, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)
Personal communication may be unpublished lecture notes, letters, memos, personal interviews, telephone conversations, email or messages from non-archived discussion groups or bulletin boards, photographs, images, tables or data; all these sources are usually non-recoverable from the reader's perspective and are not to be included in the reference list, but should be cited in text as they are referred to. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible. Lecture notes are treated as personal communication if they are unpublished (i.e. not copied and distributed in print or on the web with the instructor's permission).
Doctoral dissertations and Master’s theses (unpublished)
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title, (Type of Document). Publication Institution, Pub. Inst. Location.
Example: In his data structures thesis, he discussed… (Swinton, 1984, p. 2).
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Example: Swinton, M. A. (1984). Family stress in phenylketonuria (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Online articles not yet formally published
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, press status, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (press status). Title. Journal Title. DOI / Retrieved from URL.
Notes: In preprint archives, articles are posted online ahead of print and are not yet indexed. Use the DOI or the exact URL.
Example: Rotation of the t…(Charles & Hogan, in press, p. 25)
Examples: Charles, S. J., & Hogan, N. (in press). Dynamics of wrist rotation. Journal of Biomechanics. doi:10.1016/j.biomech.2010.11.016 Vickers, P. (in press). Theory eliminativism as a methodological tool. Philosophy of Science. Retrieved from http://philsciarchive.pitt.edu/8472/1/Theory_Eliminativism.pdf
Advance online publications are generally peer reviewed.
Diecklemann, S., Buchel, C., Born, J., & Rasch, B. (2011). Labile or stable: Opposing consequences for memory when reactivated during waking and sleep. Nature Neuroscience. Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/nn.2744
If there is no DOI assigned, give the URL of the journal home page. Update your references and refer to final versions, if possible, before you submit your work.
Manuscripts
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title. Unpublished manuscript / Manuscript submitted for publication / Manuscript in preparation.
Example: Sports equipment was found…(Geisel, n.d., p. 2)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Title. Retrieved from URL Examples: Geisel, T. S. (n.d.). All sorts of sports. Unpublished manuscript. Informally published or self-archived work: Benchimol, G. (2007). Prospects for innovating organisations. Retrieved from http://cogprints.org/5701/1/PROSPECTS_/FOR_INNOVATING_ORGANIZAT IONS.pdf
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1.8
Proceedings and technical reports
When citing from a one-off proceeding, use the same format as for a book or book chapter. Regularly published proceedings use the same format as journal or periodical articles. Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Published proceedings in book form
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article title. In Editor/Other Initial. Editor/Other Surname (Role(s)), Conference Proceedings Title (pp. Page Range). Publisher Location: Publisher. Retrieved from URL
Notes: Capitalise the names of symposia, conferences and meetings. If there are more than two editors a comma is placed before the ampersand.
Examples: Example: Information literacy can be…(Hughes, 2002, p. 209)
Hirata, J. (2005). How should happiness guide policy? Why gross national happiness is not opposed to democracy. In Rethinking development: Local pathways to global wellbeing; the Second International Conference on Gross National Happiness. Antigonish, Canada: St. Francis Xavier University. Retrieved from http://www.gpiatlantic.org/conference/papers/hirata.pdf Hughes, H. (2002). Information literacy with an international focus. In K. Appleton, C. Maherson, & D. Orr (Eds.), International Lifelong Learning Conference: Refereed papers from the 2nd International Lifelong Learning Conference (pp. 208-213). Rockhampton, Qld: Central Queensland University Press.
Proceedings published regularly
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article Title. Conference Proceedings Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. DOI / Retrieved from URL.
Notes: Treat regularly published proceedings as periodicals.
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Example: Connectivity exists for… (Kozkovski & Van Strien, 2009, p. 280)
Examples: Kozkovski, O., & Van Strien, S. (2009). Local connectivity and quasi-conformal rigidity of nonrenormalizable polynomials. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 99(2), 275296. doi:10.1112/plms/pdn055
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Conference papers and symposium contributions
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, month, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year, Month). Paper title. In Editor/Other Initial. Editor/Other Surname (Role), Conference Proceedings Title. Format of Item presented/conducted at the Conference / Symposium Title, Conference/Symposium, Location. DOI / Retrieved from URL
Notes: For symposium contributions, papers, and poster presentations, give the year with the month. Papers can be part of a collection of proceeding items (reference list includes the title of the collection), or singular (reference list does not include a collection title).
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year, Month). Paper title. Format of Item presented/conducted at the Conference / Symposium Title, Conference/Symposium Location. DOI / Retrieved from URL Example: The treatment plan… (Gorman, 2009, March, p.24) … job strains were… (Liu et al., 2008, November)
Examples: Gorman, B. (2009, March). A treatment plan: Some hopes (pipe dreams?) and suggestions for effective statistical education. In B. Gorman (Chair), The crisis in the statistical education of psychologists. Symposium conducted at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans, LA. Liu, C., Wu, D., Fan, J., & Nauta, M. M. (2008, November). Does job complexity predict job strains? Paper presented at the 8th Biannual Conference of the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology, Valencia, Spain. Rosenshine, B. (1997). The case for explicit, teacher-led, cognitive strategy instruction. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from http://apaa.asu./edu/barak/barak1.html Abstract: Dickens, A. (2003). Working with the community. Paper presented at the 8th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, Melbourne. Abstract retrieved from http://www./aifs.gov.au/conferences/aifs8/dickens-ab.pdf
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Technical and research reports
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Report Title (Report No.). Publisher Location: Publisher.
Notes:
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Report Title (Report No.). DOI / Retrieved from URL.
This format can be used for issue briefs, working papers and other corporate documents. Include the appropriate document number where available. For online reports, identify the publisher in the retrieval statement unless the publisher is also identified as the author. Database information may be given for monographs from the University's limited circulation database subscriptions.
Examples: Example: (Queensland School Curriculum Council, 2000, p. 4) (Ford et al., 2007, pp. 34-35)
Aermark, L. (2011). Spectral and Hardy inequalities for some sub-elliptical operators (Research Reports in Mathematics Number 1, 2011). Retrieved from Stockholm University, Department of Mathematics, Research Reports in Mathematics website: http://www2.math.su.se/reports/2011/1/2011-1.pdf Australian Human Resources Institute. (2008). The parent trap: The parental leave debate (Research Report). Retrieved from http://www.ahri.com.au/MMSdocuments/profdevelopment/research/research_papers/0809 _pulse_report_the _parent_trap.pdf Ford, M., Gurney, A., Heyhoe, E., & Gunasekera, D. (2007). Energy security, clean technology development and climate change: Addressing the future challenges in APEC (ABARE Research Report 07.14). Retrieved from Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics website: http://www.abare.gov.au/publications_html/climate_07/apec_security.pdf Queensland School Curriculum Council. (2000). Consistency of teacher judgement (Research Report). Brisbane, Qld: Author. University Database Holdings: Australian Furniture Research and Development Institute, & Standards Australia. (1997). Office desks (Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4442:1997). Retrieved from Standards On-Line database. Bramley, G. (2010). Analysis of youth offending team inspection reports (LGA Research Report). Retrieved from ERIC database.
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1.9
USQ course materials Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Lecture notes and handouts
Components:
Components:
(Faculty/Author Surname, Year)
Faculty/Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Course CODE course document title. University Location: University Name.
Note:
(“Course Code Document Title”, Year)
These are treated like books if they are published, but like personal communication if they are your own notes or unpublished. Lecture notes are considered published if they have been copied and distributed in print or on the web with the instructor's permission.
Customised publications and selected readings (print)
Example: The financial focus of these events… (Lewis, 2011)
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Lewis, M. (2011). EDC1300 Perspectives in education: Course notes. Toowoomba, Qld: University of Southern Queensland.
(“EDC1300 Course Notes”, 2011)
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname/Organisation, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname/Organisation, Author Initial. (Year). Reading Title. In Compiler/Other Initial. Compiler/Other Surname (Role), Course publication title (Edition, pp. Page Range). Place of Publication: Publisher. (Reprinted from SOURCE Title, Edition., pp. Page Range, Source Publication Location: Source Publisher)
Note: If you need to cite from a book of readings, use the date for that publication. If page numbers are required in text, use the book of readings page numbers, not the page numbers from the original source.
Example:
Example: Example: The staff resource in late capitalism is… (Mishkin & Eakins, 2012, pp. 56-58). Experience can be… (Thompson & Grusec, 2010, p. 103).
Mishkin, F. S., & Eakins, S. G. (2012). Overview of the financial system. In D. Pensiero, & G. Adkins (Comps.), FIN8201 Finance for executives, (pp. 55-75). Sydney, NSW: Pearson Australia. (Reprinted from Financial markets and institutions, 7th ed., pp. 55-75, Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education). Thompson, W. R., & Grusec, J. (2010). Studies of early experience. In R. Pauley (Comp.), Early experience and cognitive development: Selected readings (2nd ed., pp. 100-190). Toowoomba, Qld: University of Southern Queensland. (Reprinted from Carmichael’s manual of child psychology, 3rd ed., vol. 1, pp. 565-654, by P. H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York: Wiley).
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Online course materials
Components:
Components:
(Author Surname(s), Year)
Author/Editor/Compiler Surname, A/E/C Initial. (Year). Title [Format (non-document types)]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL
Notes:
(“Title”, Year)
Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited Only include retrieval date if content is likely to change over time
Whenever possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages.
Example:
Example: Hendry, L. (2011). Visual Pattern perception - shapes, spatial frequency and Gestalt laws [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/mod/resource/view.php?id=457749
The final module (“Outline of inquiry”, 2011) directed s to…
Outline of inquiry. (2011). Retrieved November 15, 2011, from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/course/view.php?id=21580
Unstable strata effecting foundation… (Terry, 2011).
Terry, P. C. (2011). Module 5 - group and team dynamics. Retrieved November 10, 2011, from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/21967/content/studymodules/m05.htm Audio and video (including Breeze presentations):
If the item has no obvious author, start with the title.
BBC World Service. (2011). The family (Family, Sex & Society) [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/essentialguide/theme_fam.shtml Petersen, S. (2011). Classroom reading pedagogy: Reading strategies [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/files.php/21642/Lecture_Reading_Strategies/ind ex.htm As heard in the second lecture… (Zimbardo, 1989).
Zimbardo, P. (1989). The responsive brain (Discovering Psychology) [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/resource/view.php?inpopup+true&id=428028 Notes: Series titles included in the above examples.
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Type
In-text citation
Reference list
Online course readings
Components:
Components:
Author Surname, Year, p. Page No.)
Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, Volume No(Issue No.), Page Range. Retrieved from USQ URL.
Notes: For readings redirected to websites, pages, or databases, follow the instructions outlined in the books, journal articles, and web documents sections of this guide.
Chapter Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year). Chapter title. In Author/Editor Initial. Author/Editor Surname, (role abbrev.), Title (Edition) (pp. Page Range of Chapter). Retrieved from USQ URL Example:
Journal articles: Arnold, T. (2001). Achieving playtime positives. Journal of Early Childhood, 5(4), 117121. Retrieved from https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/d6s66b-678m-bg7fe098-0as8807g32a8/1/arnold_2001_117.pdf
Otherwise, follow the style for scanned or copied documents that indicate "usqdirect.usq.edu.au" or "usqstudydesk.usq.edu.a u" in the URL. If a DOI is evident, use that in place of the retrieval statement.
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Example:
Book chapters:
(Tuczay, 2005, pp. 16-19) Tuczay (2005, pp. 16-19) states that…
Dafni, A. (2007). The supernatural characters and powers of sacred trees in the Holy Land. Journal of Ethnobiology & Ethnomedicine, 3, pp. 10-16. doi:10.1186/17464269-3-10 Tuczay, C. (2005). Trance, prophets and diviners in the Middle Ages. In E. Pocs (Ed.), Communicating with the spirits: Christian demonology and popular mythology (pp. 215-233). Retrieved from https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/d6s66b511m-bg7f-e098-0as5507g32a3/1/Tuczay_2005_215.pdf
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2 2.1
Further Information on In-Text Citations Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you summarise the ideas, concepts or words from the work of one or more authors. Please note: changing only a few words from another author does not constitute paraphrasing. Type
Examples
If you are referring to the general theme of a book or article
Brown (1991) investigated the effects of ... An investigation into the effects of maternal age (Brown, 1991) found that ...
When to include page numbers When paraphrasing or referring to an idea in another work, page or paragraph numbers are not required. But it can be helpful, for example when paraphrasing or referring to information or an idea that can be located on a particular page, quoting or referring to images, figures or data, or when a work is particularly long and page numbers might be useful for the reader.
Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little water (Kozeny, 1988, pp. 223-224).
When the authors of a source are not part of the formal sentence structure
Reviews of research on sport and reading have concluded that at least some types of reading behaviours are related to higher levels of physical health (Austin, 1990; McGovern & Henderson, 2001; Wright & Morgan, 2001).
Both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal sentence structure
Kozeny (1988, p. 223-224) found soil layers below the well tip contributed little.
Wright and Mander (2002) found that although there was a reduction in literacy, the difference was not statistically significant.
Publication year appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors. Group authors and abbreviations
(University of Southern Queensland, 2009)
The names of groups are usually spelled out each time they appear in text.
University of Southern Queensland (2009)
Only abbreviate if the name is long, cumbersome and the abbreviation is familiar or easily understood. USQ Library
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First citation in text: (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR], 2008) 35
Type
Examples Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR, 2008) Subsequent citations: (UNHCR, 2008) UNHCR (2008)
One or two authors
Smythe and Jones (2001) found ... (first citation)
Cite the names every time the reference occurs
... as has been shown (Smythe & Jones, 2001). (subsequent citations)
More than two authors For three, four or five authors, cite all authors in the first instance, thereafter, only first author followed by "et al." (not underlined and with no stop after "et") and the year of publication. With six or more authors, cite only the first author followed by "et al." and the year. In the list of references give all names up to and including six authors.
Campbell, Brady, Bradley, and Smithson (1991) found ... (first citation) Campbell et al. (1991) found ... (subsequent citations) Smith et al. (2007) state that … (first and subsequent citations)
"and" or "&"?
Jones and Brady (1991) continued to find ...
In running text use "and" to the names of multiple authors, but use an ampersand (&) inside parentheses.
The authors found the same result in the second and third trials (Jones & Brady, 1991).
Citing multiple works by the same author at the same time
Several studies (Jackson, 1999, 2001a, 2001b, 2005) revealed a similar outcome.
Arrange dates in order (oldest to newest). Use suffixes after the year when there are multiple publications from the same year. If the publication dates are the same, the suffixes are assigned in the reference list where these kinds of references are listed in alphabetical order by title (article, chapter or complete work). Primary authors with the same surname
T.R. Smith (2006) and B. E. Smith (2007) found that ...
Include the first author's initials in all text citations even if the year of publication differs.
J. J. Jackson and Robertson (2000) and E. M. Jackson and Johns (2005) reached the conclusion...
Secondary citations Cumming's (1980) study (as cited in Pauley, 1991) ... USQ Library
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Type
Examples
You must acknowledge both the primary and secondary source of information. To do this, include the primary source first and then insert the words "as cited in" before the secondary source.
This belief has been confirmed (Cumming, 1980, as cited in Pauley, 1991) ...
You do not need to source the primary or original work cited (e.g. Cumming, 1980) but the secondary source (e.g. Pauley, 1991) needs to be given in your list of references. No author When citing a source in text that has no identified author, use a shortened title (or the full title if it is short) and year for the parenthetical citation. Use double quotation marks for article titles, chapter titles or web page titles. Italicize (without quotation marks) book titles.
The in text citation for the online source "New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure" would be ("New Drug," 2001).
(Psychological effects, 1999) (Anonymous, 2007)
For works designated as "Anonymous", cite in text as Anonymous followed by a comma and the date. Legislation (includes Acts and Bills)
The Equal Opportunity Act 1995 (Vic) prohibits ... ... the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) ... ... according to s. 15 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) ... ... Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) ...
Legal authorities (cases)
Carey v. Price (2005) Mabo v. Queensland (1992)
2.2
Quotes
Quotations or quotes are when you use the exact words of another author or your own previously published work. Quotations must always be referenced with page numbers.
Quotations of less than 40 words (approximately) should form part of the text and be designated with double quotation marks.
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With quotations of 40 or more words, DO NOT use quotation marks; set the quotation in an indented (about a half inch) free standing block of text. Use double-line-spacing to separate the quote from the text of your work. Type
Examples
Direct quotation
Less than 40 words: Students receiving "additional information literacy training achieved higher grades than students who did not attend any skills' sessions" (Capel, 2002, p. 323).
Notes: Less than 40 words: Always include the author, year, and page number(s) as part of the citation
40 or more words: Although the groups contained different age groups, they were not differentiated in the feasibility study: The intensive ESL program was enthusiastically ed by the
Do not omit or alter citations embedded within the quote. These embedded citations are not included in your list of references unless used as a primary source elsewhere in your work. In the example to the right, the 2010 article (where the entire quote comes from) is included in the list of references but the 2007 work mentioned within the quote is not, unless it is used as a source elsewhere in the work.
istration and was popular with the young learners and their
For additional paragraphs within the quotation, insert a double-line-spacing and indent the first line of each an additional half inch (five to seven spaces).
and fifth year classes were non-significant (White, Horst, & Bell,
parents. Although the groups differed in age, measures of English and French proficiency and language aptitude istered at the outset of the experiment indicated that differences between the fourth
October 2007); thus in the research reported here, we do not distinguish between the two groups. (Horst, White, & Bell, 2010, p. 334)
Specific parts of a source
(Zelow, 2001, para. 17)
Always give page numbers for quotations (if available).
(Broome & Davies, 1999, para. 5)
For sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if possible, preceded by the abbreviation 'para.'
(Bray, 1999, chap. 3)
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(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
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2.3
Images from other sources Type
Examples
Reproducing or adapting copyrighted photographs, images, tables and figures. Tables and figures (including photographs and other images) should be numbered above in the order in which they are first mentioned in text. The title follows the number.
Table 7. Confidence Intervals With Upper and Lower Limits
In the text, refer to tables and figures by their number:
As shown in Table 7, there is a larger variation than we would expect.
For both print and electronic forms, acknowledge the author and copyright holder in the figure caption or in a note at the bottom of the reproduction.
Note. Reproduced from "Which methods are best suited to the production of high-quality research in geography education?" by G. Butt, 2010, International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 19(2), p. 105. Copyright 2009 by Perks & Prestage.
If copyright permission footnotes are required, refer to the Publication manual.
Note. Adapted from Emissions trading & competitiveness: Allocations, incentives and industrial competitiveness under the EU Emisions Trading Scheme (p. 60), by M. Grubb and K. Neuhoff (Eds.), 2006, London: Earthscan. Copyright 2006 by J. Sijm, K. Neufoff and Y. Chen.
Non-copyright or personal images or data sourced from others For images, tables or data used with the permission of another party, treat as you would a personal communication. Cite in text only and do not include in the reference list. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible
2.4
O. Stone (personal communication, March 29, 2001)
(M. A. Toby, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)
Images with a Creative Commons Licence
For items with a Creative Commons Licence, see the USQ Creative Commons Website for more information.
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Type
Examples
Creative Commons Information about the Creative Commons Licence is entered directly after the item is used, within your assignment.
... (Zawacki-Richter, Hanft & Backer, 2011, p. 2). Used under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
There is no need to include Creative Commons licensing information in your list of references at the end of the assignment. Reference the item as you would normally, according to its format. Information about Creative Commons Licences is to be included with your in-text citations only.
2.5
Publication dates Type
Examples
Using the year
Within the text - (Smith, 2007) or Smith (2007)
For journals, books, and audiovisual media, use the year.
List of References - (2007)
Including the month, season or other designation
Within the text - (Jones, 2007, December) or Jones (2007, December)
If a journal or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include the month, season or other designation with the year.
List of References - (2007, December)
Including the day
Within the text - (Brown, 2007, December 12) or Brown (2007, December 12)
For dailies and weeklies, include the day.
List of References - (2007, December 12)
Works accepted for publication but not yet published.
Within the text - (Mills, in press) or Mills (in press) List of References - (in press)
No date available.
Within the text - (Boon, n.d.) or Boon (n.d.) List of References - (n.d.)
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3 3.1
Additional help More information and additional guides
This guide draws from the: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. The aim of this guide is to provide basic referencing information. For more detailed information about how to write, structure and publish to APA standards, refer to the Publication manual. This guide varies from the Publication manual in the treatment of journal articles held only in the University's database subscriptions (without DOIs), the online course readings repository and Creative Commons items. 3.2
Need additional help applying these guides?
the Library or consult the following: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. (Call number 808.06615 Pub). APA style homepage: http://www.apastyle.org/ While the Library is not responsible for checking lists of references we can refer you to our referencing guides and the published manuals listed to help you ensure the accuracy of your referencing. 3.3
Assignment help
Help with assignment writing and referencing is also available from The Learning Centre.
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