List Of Social Evils In Pakistani Society a1b58

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TOPIC a) Give the list of any 10 social evils/problems prevailing in Pakistan society? 1. What roles can institution of family religion, education, economic and political (government) play in the eradication of these evils /problems from our society? 2. In your opinion which one of these institution can be more effective and why? 3. Give arguments in of your contention. b) Analyze the evil (select any one) in Pakistan since 1990 to date on the basis of facts and figures (data). c) Give one program to curb this problem from Pakistan society?

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LETTER OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, we would like to thank Allah, the Almighty for His utmost assistance during this work. We would also like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the strength to complete this report. We are deeply indebted to our Course Instructor Mr. Mehmood Hussain, whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped us at all times. Sir, we are immensely grateful to you for all that you have taught us, for your time and your effort. We appreciate your efforts in all the hard work you put in to give us detailed explanation with simplicity on really lengthy areas of learning. This note comes in appreciation for all you have imparted and contributed in our personal and intellectual growth. “Thank You Sir.” We would like to pay thanks to our family, mother and father and friends for their . And lastly, thanks to all the group for their collaboration and coordination in the making of this report. The process proved to be a learning experience. Hopefully this report will serve a good purpose.

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Table of Contents LIST OF SOCIAL EVILS IN PAKISTANI SOCIETY .................................................................. 8 POVERTY ....................................................................................................................................... 9 CAUSES OF POVERTY .......................................................................................................... 11 Lack of education: ................................................................................................................. 11 Materialism:........................................................................................................................... 11 Large Scale Import: ............................................................................................................... 11 Division of Agricultural land: ............................................................................................... 12 Moral Culture: ....................................................................................................................... 12 Criterion of Poor:................................................................................................................... 12 ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTIUTIONS ......................................................................................... 12 

FAMILY INSTITUTION .............................................................................................. 12

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RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION ........................................................................................ 13

STRATEGIES OF ISLAM IN COMBATING POVERTY:- ................................................... 14 1. Work :- .............................................................................................................................. 14 2. Rich people of the family take care of their relative poor:-............................................... 14 3.Zakat:- ................................................................................................................................ 14 4. Voluntary charity :- ........................................................................................................... 14 

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION ................................................................................ 15

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ECONOMIC INSTITUTION ........................................................................................ 15

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POLITICAL (GOVERNMENT) INSTITUTION ......................................................... 16

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION ................................................................................................. 17 UNEMPLOYMENT ...................................................................................................................... 18 TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT: ............................................................................................. 19 1.Structural Unemployment .................................................................................................. 19 2.Frictional Unemployment:.................................................................................................. 19

5 3.Cyclic Unemployment: ....................................................................................................... 20 4.Seasonal Unemployment: ................................................................................................... 20 UNEMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN: .............................................................................................. 21 ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS: ...................................................................................... 21 

FAMILY INSTITUTION:............................................................................................. 22

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RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION:............................................................................................... 22

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EDUCATIONAL ISTITUTION: .................................................................................. 23

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GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION: ................................................................................ 23

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ECONOMIC INSTITUTION:.............................................................................................. 24

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION ................................................................................................. 25 ILLITERACY ................................................................................................................................ 26 CAUSES OF ILLITERACY ..................................................................................................... 27 ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ....................................................................................... 28 

FAMILY INSTIUTION ................................................................................................ 28

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ECONOMIC INSTITUTION ........................................................................................ 31

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POLITICAL (GOVERNMENT) INSTITUTION ......................................................... 32

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION ................................................................................................. 33 STREET TRADING AND CHILD LABOR ................................................................................. 34 ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ....................................................................................... 35 


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GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION ................................................................................. 37

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION ................................................................................................. 38 TARGET KILLING IN PAKISTAN ............................................................................................ 39 VIOLENCE ............................................................................................................................... 40 705 KILLED IN 2010 TARGET KILLING INCIDENTS: ..................................................................... 41 ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS: ...................................................................................... 42 

FAMILY INSTITUTION:............................................................................................. 42

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RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION: ....................................................................................... 42

"Fight the Pagans" - If They Break Treaties.......................................................................... 43 

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION: ............................................................................... 43

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ECONOMICAL INSTITUTION: ................................................................................. 44

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POLITICAL(GOVERNMENT) INSTITUTIONS: ...................................................... 44

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION: ....................................................................................... 45 INFLATION IN PAKISTAN ........................................................................................................46 PAKISTAN AND INFLATION RATE: ................................................................................... 48 ROLE OF INFLATION IN ECONOMY .................................................................................. 48 ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS .......................................................................................... 49 


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EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION: ............................................................................... 52

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POLITICAL(GOVERNMENT) INSTITUTION: ......................................................... 52

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION ........................................................................................ 53 HEALTH ISSUE .......................................................................................................................... 55 ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTION ......................................................................................... 58 


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POLITICAL INSTITUTION ........................................................................................ 60

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION: ............................................................................................ 61 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION: ................................................................................................ 61 STREET CRIME .......................................................................................................................... 62 ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ................................................................................................ 63 

Family institution ........................................................................................................... 63

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RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION ................................................................................................ 63

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EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION.......................................................................................... 64

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GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION ........................................................................................ 64

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ECONOMICAL INSTITUTION........................................................................................... 65

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION ................................................................................................. 65 GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION ..................................................................................................... 65 SUICIDE ATTEMPTS IN PAKISTAN ........................................................................................ 66 ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ....................................................................................... 68 


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GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION ................................................................................. 70

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ECONOMICAL INSTITUTION .................................................................................. 71

POVERTY FROM 1984 TO PRESENT ...................................................................................... 72 PROGRAM TO CURB POVERTY ............................................................................................. 76 REFORMING FOOD STAMPS ............................................................................................... 76 BIBLOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 80

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LIST OF SOCIAL EVILS IN PAKISTANI SOCIETY

1. Poverty 2. Illiteracy 3. Inflation 4. Unemployment 5. Target killing 6. International Interference 7. Street Crime 8. Health Care 9. Street Trading and Child Labor 10. Suicides

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POVERTY

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Poverty in Pakistan is a growing concern. Poverty is widespread in Pakistan and is particularly predominant in rural areas. Poverty is the lack of basic human needs, such as clean water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing and shelter, because of the powerlessness to afford them. This is also referred to as absolute poverty. Relative poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country, or compared to worldwide averages. Poverty in Pakistan is a growing concern, as it is a developing country. Poverty is distressing the societies in many ways, diseases are more widely spread because poor people cannot afford hygienic foods and pure drinking water which is much expensive. Many infants born into poverty have a low birth weight, which is related with many preventable mental and physical disabilities. Not only are these poor infants more likely to be irritable or sickly, they are also more likely to die. Poor families experience much more stress than middle-class families. Besides financial uncertainty, these families are more likely to be exposed to series of negative events including illness, depression, job loss, criminal oppression, and family death. Homelessness, or extreme poverty, carries with it a particularly strong set of risks for families, especially children. Homeless children are less likely to receive proper nutrition and immunization. They experience more health problems. Homeless families experience even greater life stress than other families, including increased, family relationships, and friendships. Every problem in the born comes up with a clarification. Only if we the people of Pakistan are enthusiastic to take measures against poverty we can take our self out from these circumstances of distress .Poverty will never end unless there are real solutions to end it; solutions based on economic justice and political changes. Poverty is a curse. It is consistently on the rise around the globe. According to the latest report of the World Bank, global poverty ratio is on the rise and Pakistan is not an exemption. The ongoing global financial and banking crisis, especially in the USA and the EU has already pushed millions of people into deeper poverty. 1

According to the latest estimates of the World Bank, almost 40 percent of 107 developing countries are highly exposed to the poverty. Pakistan is ranked among the 43 countries most exposed to poverty risks. Poverty is widespread in Pakistan and is predominantly a rural phenomenon. Nearly two thirds of our population lives in rural areas. Most of them depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. Many of them lack basic needs such as safe drinking water, primary health care, education and other social services. A World Bank report titled Sparing lives, better reproductive health for poor women in South Asia has revealed that Pakistans 37.4 percent children under the age of five are 1

http://dailylahorepost.com/blog/poverty-in-pakistan-by-adeel-tariq/

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malnourished. The South Asia region still has nearly 400 million poor people out of a population of 1.42 billion. Poverty is not just endemic; it is increasingly becoming concentrated with the age of time. A high poverty ratio has decreased Pakistan‘s spending on social sector further. (1) According to Pakistan‘s Planning Commission, poverty rate has jumped from 23.9 to 37.5 percent in the last three years. The commission has estimated that in 2005 there were 35.5 million people living below the poverty line but in 2008 their number increased to over 64 million. Consequently, unemployment has also increased. Moreover, 40 percent of the urban population lives in slum areas. Reduction in social sector spending is increasing poverty and has reduced the standard of living in the country. High inflation, price hike and shortage of commodities have also added to the problem. It is the hallmark of our macro-economy.

CAUSES OF POVERTY Lack of education: The literacy rate of Pakistan is very low. Most of people do not have any concept about the modern earning sources. Most people are unable to adopt technology for their business needs, that‘s why business do not meet international standards and results as decrease in revenue which lead the society to poor financial conditions.

Materialism: In our society social bonding are gradually becomes thinner and thinner. A race of material object has been started even no one tried to understand the problems of others. Everyone is gradually changing from human to a bemoan which only know about his needs and have no concept about the limitations of others. People are not ready to help each other. At last everyone has lose his trust on others which affect our social and economic system and it is another cause of poverty.

Large Scale Import: The import of Pakistan is greater than export. Big revenue is consumed in importing good every year, even raw material has to import for industry. If we decrease import and establish own supply chains from our country natural resources the people will have better opportunities to earn.

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Division of Agricultural land: Pakistan is an agricultural country. Most of people are farmers by profession. One has land which is fulfilling the needs of his family but he has to divide the land into his children when they got young. After division the land is not sufficient to a family. Now the families of his children are suffering and spending their lives below poverty line.

Moral Culture: The main reason for poverty is the social dishonesty and irresponsible behavior of people. Everyone is trying to get rich by using unfair means. A shop keeper is ready to get whole money from the pocket of customer. People doing jobs are not performing their duties well. In society the man considered brave or respectful who do not pay taxes or continuously violate the laws. This irresponsible behavior continuously increases and produces loss for the country.

Criterion of Poor: The criterion of poor is that if a person is not earning US $367.00 per is year considered poor but this was repeated later on the criterion is changed and now it‘s US $ 2.00 per day.

ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTIUTIONS

 FAMILY INSTITUTION Family institution plays a vast role in the eradication of poverty from the society. In order to reduce poverty every person of a family should fulfill his/her responsibilities. Every member should control their unnecessary desires, stand against this tradition of begging and start doing work whether it is any kind of labor.

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Parents in poverty have to fulfill their role and responsibility as parents just like any others. They enjoy pleasures and have aspirations and fears, but in circumstances which are far more difficult than those of most parents. The general situation, and the particular circumstances they find themselves in, put a strain on their families and expose weaknesses much more than is the case for parents who can draw on networks of , both economic and personal. To eradicate poverty family planning is also necessary. Family planning plays a pivotal role in population growth, poverty reduction, and human development. Poor families should not have more than 2-3 children.

 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION All over the world there is no society that all its individuals live in absolute affluence. Every society has widows, orphans, elders, those who working but their income is not sufficient to meet there basic needs, and finally there are individuals who are in the age of work and wishing to work but finds no jobs. These groups of society need help to overcome their hard live. Islamic religion considers poverty a hard problem that must be uprooted drawing the attention that the poverty is danger on belief, behavior, human thought, family and society at large.

Poverty is not simply material deprivation but includes information, food, physical health, community, our natural environment and spiritual experience. Poverty does not exist in a vacuum; it is the flip-side of wealth. Only the most naive would ignore that the roots of poverty and its relief lie in unjust and discriminatory social and economic structures, combined with political and social values which place personal advantage over collective well being.

The belief that fostering greed will somehow trickle down to create wealth among those exploited to feed that greed is surely insane. As long as we are driven to value and strive after "bigger, better, more" -- an obscene accumulation of wealth, in all its forms -indifferent to the costs for the rest of the world, we can only undermine and nullify any hope of relieving poverty.

Similarly, the most basic teaching of the Islam is that the cause of our individual and collective sorrow is greed, clinging to what is impermanent as if we could own it. In

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Islam, for the reduction of poverty Zakat is made compulsory to those who have 52.5 tola silver and 7.5 tola gold for at least one year.

STRATEGIES OF ISLAM IN COMBATING POVERTY:Islamic Religion is keen that every person in the Islamic country, even if not a Muslim, must attain what enables him to live a reasonable life. Every individual should have, at least, the basic needs of food, shelter, clothes, etc.. In addition, every individual should have what enables him to perform the orders of Allah, to carry out the responsibilities of his own life and to have what protects him from the poverty and deprivation. In this section, the strategies of Islam in combating poverty and securing a human life for each person in the Islamic society are discussed. These strategies are as follows

1. Work :In Islam, work is the first weapon to combat poverty, the first cause to gain wealth and the first element to implant the earth. Every one in the Islamic society is required to work. The teachings of Islam in the Quran and the Hadeeths of Messenger Mohamed (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) urge Muslims to wok in order to benefit himself and his society.

2. Rich people of the family take care of their relative poor:The rich of the families are obliged to take care of the relatives‘ poor, as a right and by virtue of ties of kinship. If the rich does not help his poor relatives‘ he will be punished by hungry and thirsty, he is not given a mouthful of food or a sip of water as a result of breaking his kinship ties.

3.Zakat:Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islamic Religion. Zakat is must for every Muslim provided that two conditions are met, first, the nisab (minimum wealth required to pay Zakat) and second, the hwal (age of one year on earning the income or wealth)The main purpose of Zakat is helping the poor. In the Muslim society there are widows, orphans, elders and those are not able to work, therefore, the Zakat is imposed as a percentage of the income of the rich and then directed to the poor and needy groups of the society. Zakat is not a choice but a fixed obligation from Allah. Zakat must be paid whether the society needs it or not. In Islamic history , there were some periods in which there were no poor, this was in the period of Caliph Umar Ibn Abdel Aziz.

4. Voluntary charity :This kind of charitable giving is without obligation. Every Muslim can give the poor without asking and he is looking for reward from Allah.

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 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION The role of education in poverty eradication, in close co-operation with other social sectors, is crucial. The fact is that no country has succeeded if it has not educated its people. Education is important in reducing poverty and also increasing the wealth of a nation. 2

For United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the measure for the eradication of poverty is by achieving universal primary education and adult education. The report made by the Secretary-General of the United Nations confirms the universal primary education is central to the fight against poverty. For UNESCO the crucial issues to be addressed by education for the eradication of poverty is in the education of the poor children, who are usually less equipped emotionally, physically and socially, to undertake a school programme and also the education of girls, who are particularly at risk as they tend to be prone to all forms of abuse, and very often confined to households in which they are virtually slave s – this UNICEF is most interested in.(2)

 ECONOMIC INSTITUTION Economic institution plays no role in the eradication of poverty. Relative poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country, or compared to worldwide averages. Poverty in Pakistan is a growing concern, as it is a developing country. The literacy rate of Pakistan is very low. Most of people do not have any notion about the contemporary earning sources. Most people are unable to assume expertise for their business needs, that‘s why business do not meet international standards and results as decrease in proceeds which lead the humanity to poor financial environment. In our society social bonding are slowly but surely becomes thinner and thinner. A chase of material object has been started even no one tried to understand the problems of others. People are not ready to help each other. At last everyone has lose his trust on others which affect our social and economic system and it is another cause of poverty. The import of Pakistan is greater than export. Big revenue is consumed in importing good every year, even raw material has to import for industry. If we decrease import and 2

Arvil V. Adam, The Role of Skills Development in Overcoming Social Disadvantage. Education for all Global Monitoring Report. Page 6.

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launch own supply chains from our country natural resources the people will have better opportunities to earn. Pakistan is an agricultural country. Most of people are farmers by occupation. One has land which is gratifying the needs of his family but he has to divide the land into his children when they got young. After division the land is not sufficient to a family. Now the families of his children are suffering and spending their lives below poverty line. Another main reason for poverty is the social dishonesty and irresponsible behavior of people. Everyone is trying to get rich by using unfair means. A shop keeper is ready to get whole money from the pocket of customer. People doing jobs are not performing their duties well. In society the man considered brave or respectful who do not pay taxes or continuously violate the laws. This irresponsible behavior continuously increases and produces loss for the country.

 POLITICAL (GOVERNMENT) INSTITUTION To paraphrase Adam Smith, no society can be jolly, happy and flourishing when a great part of its is poor, miserable and suffers greatly due to poverty, malnourishment, and social exclusion.

The subject in spotlight here is government's role for curtailing the gap in between the bipolarized society of Pakistan. It does not have single straight forward answer. Pakistan is the ultimate development of diverse and complicated society whose strings are controlled by two fundamental institutions with massive dichotomy in their ideas, socalled the bureaucracy and the military. The retrospective study tells us that this gap in between rich and poor is not a current phenomena, history depicts that ex- President Ayub Khan during late 1960‘s tried to boost the economy through supplying painless finance for large industrialist families. The basic idea beneath implying this strategy was to encourage business activity at the top level. It was assumed that subsequently these rich families will share the pie with bottom of the pyramid. Ironically, these families failed to do so and ultimately our society becomes bipolarized. Now what can our government can do in this regard? For this we have to dig deeper into the government's wavelength and the economic circumstances. Analyzing the contemporary government, we can feel the trend of the economy through the major economic developments. The aggressive taxation and import duties imposed on luxury items by Mr.Shokat Tareen reflect the government‘s tight fiscal policy. The desired result is to raise the taxes and to decrease the money supply. It will ultimately increase the value of the limited circulated money to curtail the inflation. Therefore, it can be one of the ways to reduce the gap through imposing high taxes on the rich and relaxing the poor sector. Never the less, the real solution for bridging this gap is through expanding the economies

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of scale. Following expansionary fiscal policy will result in rapid growth in the business and job market. It will be lucrative for Investors only if they can smell the bottom line and opportunity for growth in future. People Republic of China and India are the two rising Asian economies following the same path to eradicate this gap. Concluding all, I would say any government can play a potent role in shrinking this gap through providing incentive for the investors, who will be responsible for developing industry and job market. This new earning stream will turn into the market for Industrial products. At last, it‘s not the mere government who is responsible; it‘s the invisible economic free hand of the market known as the demand supply model. Therefore, let the market find its own path with limited and carefully carved government policies to safeguard the rights of the involved parties. The role of Governments should always be to protect the safety, and well being of its citizens, because the governments are generally assumed to be entrusted with the power derived from the people, its constituencies, in order to make fair policies and decisions that should better the lives of people and the society.

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION Government Institution In my opinion government institution is the most effective institution because, the country‘s government actions and decisions, as well as lack thereof, can have the single most influential and profound impact on the lives of people, especially the unfortunate ones in the society. To move out of poverty government needs to -- truly want more, make the effort to gain it, seek self-employment over normal employment, gain the necessary skills to accomplish it and establish personal values like organization, cleanliness, honesty, and others in one's life. If there is a foundation of such virtues, then further opening and calling to the Force will enable a multiplier effect of great achievement. It‘s a process that can easily be understood, and with will and determination, brought about in the shortest period of time with the maximum result. It's a formula for ultimate success, prosperity, and joy.

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UNEMPLOYMENT

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Unemployment (or joblessness), as defined by the International Labor Organization, occurs when people are without jobs and they have actively sought work within the past four weeks. The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labor force.

TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT: 1.Structural Unemployment "Structural unemployment is a unemployment that comes from there being an absence of demand for the workers that are available.‖ There are two major reasons that cause an absence of demand for workers in a particular industry: 1.Changes in Technology: As personal computers replaced typewriters, typewriter factories shut down. Workers in typewriter factories because unemployed and had to find other industies to be employed in. 2.Changes in Tastes: If bagpipes become unpopular, bagpipe companies will go bankrupt and their workers will be unemployed. 2.Frictional

Unemployment:

"Frictional unemployment is unemployment that comes from people moving between jobs, careers, and locations. Sources of frictional unemployment include the following: 1. People entering the workforce from school. 2. People re-entering the workforce after raising children. 3. People changing unemployers due to quitting or being fired (for reasons beyond structural ones). 4. People changing careers due to changing interests. 5. People moving to a new city (for non-structural reasons) and being unemployed when they arrive.

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3.Cyclic Unemployment: "Cyclical unemployment occurs when the unemployment rate moves in the opposite direction as the GDP growth rate. So when GDP growth is small (or negative) unemployment is high.‖ Getting laid off due to a recession is the classic case of cyclical unemployment. This is why the unemployment rate is a key economic indicator

4.Seasonal Unemployment: Seasonal unemployment is unemployment due to changes in the season - such as a lack of demand for department store Santa Clauses in January. Seasonal unemployment is a form of structural unemployment, as the structure of the economy changes from month to month. Currently, unemployment is one of the major problems in Pakistan because when unemployment is high, resources are not effectively utilized and income levels of people are depressed. To create jobs in Pakistan for the increasing labor force, the socio economics system of Pakistan and institutions have failed. It is just because of the lack of proper planning that this problem is not yet diminished. Where unemployment is creating a lot of problems, it is also promoting extremism and terrorism in the society. Major Causes of Unemployment in Pakistan: 1. The basic cause of unemployment in Pakistan is its higher growth rate of population. Because of this reason government and other institutions are failing to create sufficient job opportunities in Pakistan. 2. Law and order situation in the country is also a big issue. Karachi is the biggest business hub and the biggest metropolitan city of Pakistan. However, due to uncertainty and violence in the city, investors are reluctant to invest. 3. Political instability is another major reason for low level or lack of jobs in Pakistan. 4. Our educational system is also guilty for the mounting unemployment rate for the educated youth because the approach of our youth towards career choices is unrealistic and unproductive. 5. Lack of facilities and infrastructure in the energy sector also prevents the industrialists from setting up new industries in the country.

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6. Policy makers have not handled things in an appropriate manner, and as a result, jobs in Pakistan are less but job seekers are more than that.

UNEMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN: In Pakistan labour force include all persons who are of ten years and above, and during the period are without work, currently available for work and seeking for work. On the basis of the existing population of 142.87 million with Labor force participation rate of 27.46 percent, the total labor force comes to 39.24 million. According to this about 2.4 million persons of labor force were estimated as unemployed in 1999, as construction and transport sectors have absorbed 11.2 percent, 6.8 percent and 5.7 percent, compared to 10.5 percent, 7.2 percent and 5.0 percent respectively in 1994-95. First of all we see the Sectoral employed Labour force. According to Labour Force Survey 1996-97, the rate of open unemployment was 6.1 percent and 5.4 percent as per Labour Force Survey of 1994-95. This indicates that rate of unemployment has increased between these two surveys by 0.7 percent officially but unofficially unemployment is much larger than this rate. Often it is perceived that unemployment rate of rural areas is greater because in rural areas there are less chances of employment as compared to urban areas where there are more chances of employment due to more industries. So now we see the annual unemployed labour force by urban/rural areas since 1993 to 1999, which is given in table below: It is obvious from the above table that in Pakistan unemployment rate is increasing in both rural and urban areas in absolute as well as in percentage . Unemployment rate in rural areas is greater as compared to Urban areas. Because of industries there are more chances of employment in Urban areas. In Rural areas businessmen are setting up industries due to which now rural people seek Manufacturing sector for employment . As in rural areas there is no proper source of earnings due to which unemployment rate is increasing. As agriculture sector is not absorbing them due to adaptation of mechanical instruments and bad conditions. Small scale industries are not working efficiently due to worse economic conditions. So Rural people are not finding proper source of earning.

ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Institutions are a part of the social construction of a community, and define the way we interact with each other within society. They are determined by the cultures and values of that society, and provide order and stability within society.

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"Institutions are structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behaviour of a set of individuals. Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative human behavior. The term, institution, is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of government and public service. As structures and mechanisms of social order among humans, institutions are one of the principal objects of study in the social sciences, including sociology, political science and economics. Institutions are a central concern for law, the formal regime for political rule-making and enforcement. The creation and evolution of institutions is a primary topic for history."

 FAMILY INSTITUTION: In human context, a family is a group of people d by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence. In most societies it is the principal institution for the socialization of children. Anthropologists most generally classify family organization as matrilocal (a mother and her children); conjugal (a wife, husband, and children, also called nuclear family; and consanguinal (also called an extended family) in which parents and children co-reside with other of one parent's family. There are also concepts of family that break with tradition within particular societies, or those that are transplanted via migration to flourish or else cease within their new societies. As a unit of socialization the family is the object of analysis for family. Family can play its role to eradicate this problem as follows: 1.Family can reduce its expenditures which are unnecessary, this will save the money and hence reduce unemployment. 2.The most important role of family is to educate there children because only an educated person can strive for job and make his life. 3.Family should motivate their child to continuously apply for various jobs and not sit idle or hopeless if refused for one or the other.

 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION: Islam is an entire way of life, and Allah's Guidance extends into all areas of our lives. Islam has given detailed regulations for our economic life, which is balanced and fair. Muslims are to recognize that wealth, earnings, and material goods are the property of God, and that we are merely His trustees. The principles of Islam aim at establishing a just society wherein everyone will behave responsibly and honestly

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Religion Islam also plays an important role in giving teachings about unemployment by explaining following points: Islam teaches to earn a pure living which is without interests and usury.

 EDUCATIONAL ISTITUTION: Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. In its narrow, technical sense, education is the formal process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, customs and values from one generation to another, e.g., instruction in schools. A major benefit of education is the lower risk of unemployment at higher educational levels. In PSID ( Study of Income Dynamics) data on the male labor force the reduction of the incidence of unemployment is found to be far more important than the reduced duration of unemployment in creating the educational differentials in unemployment rates. In turn, the lesser unemployment incidence of the more educated workers is, in about equal measure, due to their greater attachment to the firms employing them, and to the lesser risk of becoming unemployed when separated from the firm. The lesser frequency of job turnover of more educated workers, which creates fewer episodes of unemployment, is in large part attributable to more on-the-job training. In explaining the lesser conditional unemployment of educated workers and the somewhat shorter duration of their unemployment, indirect evidence is provided that (1) costs of on-the-job search for new employment relative to costs of searching while unemployed are lower for more educated workers; (2) that these workers are also more efficient in acquiring and processing job search information; and (3) that firms and workers search more intensively to fill more skilled vacancies.

 GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION: The government is trying to reduce the unemployment rate. Under Prime Minister's Self Employment Scheme, different Banks and Small Business Finance Corporations are extending loans to unemployed youths and skilled professionals having diploma/degree and business experience. Loans ranging from Rs.10,000 to be Rs.500,000 for small business and from Rs.500,000 to Rs.5,000,000 for small industries etc. Small Business

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Finance Corporation is playing role in reducing unemployment. Upto March 1999, the Small Business Finance Corporation has sanctioned Rs.2,208.4 million, against amounting to Rs.1,551.95 million have been disbursed to 9,383 persons. The SBFC has generated employment for 28,149 persons under the Prime Minister's SelfEmployment Scheme upto March 31, 1999. A Small and Medium Enterprises Development (SMEDA) has been setup for growth and development of self-employment schemes in Pakistan. During the year 1998 about 104,000 persons have been sent abroad for employment under Govt. overseas employment schemes. The liberal economic and fiscal policies of the government may reduce unemployment rate because they can create new job opportunities and business in the country. There is a need to announce an economic revival package to stimulate investment and industrial production, boost exports, broaden the tax bases and lower tariffs.

 ECONOMIC INSTITUTION:

In the setup of a modern market economy, there are many factors, which contribute to unemployment which can be reduced by following points.    

Recession should be controlled. Inflation should be reduced. Changes in tastes as well as alterations in the climatic conditions. This may in turn lead to decline in demand for certain services as well as products. Employee values should be given priority.

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MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION

Government Institution

Government institution is the most effective institution to eradicate unemployment. Construction of additional motorways and setting up of industrial zones throughout the country would also generate new opportunities for employment in the country. Suggestions: 1) Govt. should make efforts to push economic growth process. For this purpose Economic Revival Package should announce for the revival of industries sector, to stimulate production and investment. 2) Govt. should seriously try to boost exports through broadening the tax base and lowering tariffs. 3) Govt. should announce a package for the development of agriculture sector . 4) Beside this a number of fiscal and monetary measures should take to attract industrialists and particularly foreign investment. 5) More Technical and Vocational training facilities should be provided. In this way unemployed people will get the chance to enhance their skills and become able to earn reasonable income. 6) With a view to reduce educate unemployment, self-employment scheme should be encouraged in true manners. 7) Government subsidies for those firms that take on the long-term unemployed will create an incentive for firms to increase the size of their workforce.

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ILLITERACY

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Literacy is defined as persons aged 15 or above who can ―read‖ and ―write‖. According to this definition, Pakistanis officially reported to have 50% literacy rate. Which means half of its population is illiterate. With such family backgrounds, inflation, poverty and child labor this rate is expected to increase in future. Even for those who are termed as ―Literate‖ are only able to read and write, which in today‘s technology oriented world is still considered as illiteracy. Majority of the people forming the top controlling tier is almost unaware of technologies and technical mindset. Thus, causing the country to adopt the new technologies at a snail‘s speed.

CAUSES OF ILLITERACY Main causes are that urban areas in Pakistan are less whereas rural areas are more, rural areas are not developed and most of the areas don't have schools and if they do then they are of very low standards, in many areas people don't send their daughters to schools as they believe it is worthless to send them, it is just wasting of money, some people are brain washed who believe that education is against Islam, basically they are following to the Muslims who had said this before independence of Pakistan to deny British education, that time the British was being quite unfair to the Muslims after the war of independence of 1857, British believed Muslims were the ones who mainly did this revolt against British and they took some measures against Muslim community by not funding Muslim schools and rather forcing them to take British education aura none at all and even Christianity was being taught in those British schools(not sure that they were forcing non-Christian students to study it) in return the Muslims had announced that getting educated is not allowed in Islam until sir syed ahmed khan made them realize so there are still many people who are quite stupid and don't realize and are still going on with the same policy, The government hasn't taken a lot of steps to provide free education to children as well so there are a lot of families who are unable to send their children to school because they cannot pay any fees and this way they tell their little children to seek employment rather than sitting idle at home There are many causes that illiteracy and as for Pakistan is considered, illiteracy is widespread. There are a majority of Pakistanis most probably in the rural settlements who see children as assets. Boys mean additional help for farming families while girls help mothers in household chores. The costs of clothing, shelter and food for them is low with hardly any costs for education. Such people think that education is not important in life and their kids don‘t need any education, but the truth is they are the future generation of Pakistan. Illiteracy results in over-population that is very common. We see poor families with ten twenty kids, if this keeps going on longer Pakistan might be in much deeper crises. We don‘t have a birth control policy we might as well train some mullahs to tell people to stop producing babies!

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WAYS TO COMBAT ILLITERACY While there is life, there is hope. This could also be said about the alarming situation of illiteracy in Pakistan. There is hope because we could say that Pakistan is inching towards recovery. The statistics indicate that with every ing generation the literacy rate in Pakistan has risen by 10%. Before we discuss the ways to combat illiteracy we need to first figure out what is causing illiteracy. From the deep study in this matter we realize that the major factors influencing illiteracy are: Poverty, feudal system, corruption and beliefs. We must illiteracy is something that really needs to be dealt with. A literate person can bring a positive change around him. Literacy helps us understand, tolerate and accept different people. It helps in minimizing the criminal activities and economic growth. If we want Pakistan to be a nation we dream to see, we need to start on, ―Mission Illiteracy Eradication‖.

ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS  FAMILY INSTIUTION Parents must play the biggest role in order to eradicate illiteracy in a short time in the society. Parents should be physically and emotionally involved in the education of their children. They can do this by asking the children about their academic performance and also helping them in their assignments and homework. The role played by the family and all the is very important. This education actually plays an influencing role in the life of the child. It makes or breaks the child. This article talks of the various methods in which different of the family influence the child.

1. The parents: Parents are usually the role models of the children. This is especially true about the mother of the child. The mother and the father can actually see that the child is imitating them in various things that they do. This is the important influence that the parents have on the child. Even when the parents do not do something consciously,

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they are influencing the child with their behavior. This also works towards the final outcome that is the adult child. 2. Changing role of parents: If the family is built on a foundation of love, the child also learns the importance of family and bonding within the family. In families of yester years, the role played by the father in the life of a young child was very less. Now the role is increasing and both the parents play a active role in educating the child. 3. Siblings: The role played by the brothers and the sisters of the child is also very important. The child understands in a practical way that he is not alone. There is love and rivalry that is present between the children. In the co existence with siblings, the child learns in a practical manner the numerous self denials and limitations that need to be imposed upon oneself. Sharing is also learnt. These are all lessons learn by the child that will go a long way in helping when the child grows into an adult. 4. Rules in the family: Every home should have certain rules by which things are done. This will greatly influence the child and its behavior. The parents should adhere to these rules. This will make the children also adhere to them. If the parents are the first ones to break the rules, there will be no control over the children on these rules. These rules are the first lessons on self control that the child learns. The actual rules can be varied depending on the family. It can be about the timings for sleep, watching television, and other such activities. 5. Freedom of choice: Though rules can be present in the family, it is not the only thing that will influence the child. The family must also have freedom of choice. This freedom will also help to make the child learn to make decisions. When choice and freedom to make a choice is not given to a child, then the child never learns to become independent.

 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION Religious institution plays a vital role in the eradication of illiteracy from society. Islam forces to take knowledge and regrets a person who is illiterate. Knowledge is the most important thing in one‘s life. There are two kinds of knowledge: Religious knowledge and Secular knowledge.. These two kinds of knowledge‘s are very important for a human being. Secular for this day to day dwelling and religious for his smooth life on earth and hereafter.

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The Holy Prophet of Allah (S.A.W.) has said: "Atta libul ilm faridhatol kuli muslim." This Hadith means: "Attainment of knowledge is a must for every Muslim." (3) The importance of education is a none disputable matter. Education is the knowledge of putting one's potentials to maximum use. One can safely say that a human being is not in the proper sense till he/she is educated. This importance of education is basically for two reasons. The first is that the training of a human mind is not complete without education. Education makes man a right thinker. It tells man how to think and how to make decision. The second reason for the importance of education is that only through the attainment of education, man is enabled to receive information from the external world; to acquaint himself with past history and receive all necessary information regarding the present. Without education, man is as though in a closed room and with education he finds himself in a room with all its windows open towards the outside world.

 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION Every literate person can lend a hand in this issue. We must realize that it‘s not only the teacher who has the ability to teach letters to students. We often come across poor people who work for us and don‘t have money for school fees. We could always take out some time and teach their children how to read and write. Every drop makes the ocean, so it can be the little but combined efforts of the literate citizens of Pakistan to help eradicate illiteracy from the face of the country. Apart from that, another method of eradicating illiteracy could be raising awareness amongst the poverty-stricken people. Many live dark lives with no hope of change. For them education is of the least priority because getting a decent dinner is the major concern. It‘s the job of the citizens to create in such people awareness that by education they could have a brighter future. Education is a cause that is worth all the turmoil that comes in the process. Mainly in the rural areas, the feudal system is a major barrier in attaining a better literacy rate. The feudal lords deprive their tenants from education due to the fear of losing their authority over their subjects. This issue can easily be dealt by the government by making education mandatory for everyone in rural areas. The government can also add subjects related to agriculture, farming or livestock, thus encouraging many rural people towards education. Corruption in various education sectors is also the reason for the decline of the literacy rate. Corruption at a high-level rank of education may not affect the literacy rate because 3

http://www.saching.com

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it is only schools that make a person literate or able to read or write. So corruptions in schools can be a disastrous affair. Many a time it has been seen that a school is one from outside but from inside it is divided into many school. Many times the teachers don‘t pay the slightest bit of attention to their students or their needs. They feel that they are not being paid enough and thus act in an extremely immoral way. We must also that corruption only occurs due to the evil of man‘s desire. To end corruption, we need a major social reform. We need to create an awareness in all the citizens of Pakistan that earning more and more money is not an achievement. Sometimes we need to expand our thinking and let it cover everyone. We need to think of everyone. We need the literate people preaching this phenomenon to such corrupt individuals in the education sector which are not just destroying some people concerned but rather the entire future of the nation. Apart from that the beliefs, mentalities and mindset of the people also matter regarding education. In many areas people don't send their daughters to school as they believe it is worthless. They believe it‘s just a waste of time and money. Some people are brainwashed into believing that education is against Islam. Basically they are following the Muslims who had said this before the independence of Pakistan to stop the Muslims from acquiring British education. At that time the British were quite unfair to the Muslims especially after the War of Independence of 1857. The British believed that the Muslims were the only ones who revolted against them and they took measures against the Muslim community by not funding Muslim schools or madrasahs. The Muslims were thus forced to take British education which was based on Christianity. In return the Muslims announced that getting a British education was not allowed in Islam. But such a concept doesn‘t exist in Pakistan. Pakistan has modified the curriculum of the British and Islamized it. Education of Islamiat is made compulsory, thus it is easy to convince the people that the education scenario is Pakistan isn‘t the same as that in the British period. Many people don‘t wish their daughters to study in co-educational institutes because they observe the traditional Hijab. Because of that the government has introduced gender segregated institutes. Beliefs could be changed if awareness is raised and that is the job of every citizen of Pakistan.

 ECONOMIC INSTITUTION Economic institution can play a major role in the reduction of illiteracy from the society. This can be done when rich people of the country contribute some amount with the government by opening free schools and public libraries. From a historical dialectical materialistic perspective the public library has and still is remains as the foremost cultural institution that belongs to the superstructure as an

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institution for ―the pursuit of knowledge and personal discovery ...‖.It falls in the same category as political, legal, religious and cultural institutions. Universal access to knowledge is the basic premise of a public library system. The foundations stones of the public library are premised on ing literacy. Jones notes that the ability to construct and understand narrative in order to contribute to and function within society is hinged upon one‘s ability to read, compute and write.

 POLITICAL (GOVERNMENT) INSTITUTION In the first place, the government should make education free for all the citizens at all levels as well as making provisions for necessary text-books and study materials for the students. This is highly important because some people have not been able to go to school due to their parents‘ financial and economic problems and this increase the rate of illiteracy in the society. To combat illiteracy due to poverty, we have a lot of options. Although handling increasing poverty is usually the issue for the government but everyone can help out. The government is funding public schools with a low fees structure but still the situation of poverty is so grave that many children, instead of attending such schools find themselves jobs to their families. Child-labor is a well-known issue and sometimes the children aren‘t forced by anyone to work but rather the circumstances force them. Instead of making these children leave work, the government can arrange some sort of evening schools for such children. Organization of literacy classes should also be made available for the adults especially the artesian, farmers and common laborers in order to teach the older citizens. The government should organize the classes through the mass media such as radio, television, newspapers, posters and even internet. The government must try and build more schools both primary and high schools in the villages so that the opportunities will reach those who don't have schools in thier villages and helmets. This will greatly help to eradicate illiteracy in many societies.

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MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION Government Institution Government institution is the most effective institution that works in the eradication of illiteracy by taking following steps. 1. The government as well as the individuals that are economically buoyant should try

and organize educational loans and scholarship funds. This will help more students to further their education. The funds will also be used to build more classrooms with good teaching equipments. 3. The federal ministry of education should make it compulsory that the teachers must have at least, a university degree in order to give proper education to students, the leaders of tomorrow. 4. Organisation of literacy classes should also be made available for the adults especially the artesian, farmers and common labourers in order to teach the older citizens. The government should organise the classes through the mass media such as radio, television, newspapers, posters and even internet. 5. The government must try and build more schools both primary and high schools in the villages so that the opportunities will reach those who don't have schools in thier villages and helmets. This will greatly help to eradicate illiteracy in many societies.

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STREET TRADING AND CHILD LABOR

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Street trading and child labor have become a global phenomenon and a global concern. The United Nations International Children Educational fund (UNICEF) has estimated that there are 100 to 200 million child laborers across both industrialized and developing countries. Estimates for Pakistan shows that 20% of children between the ages of 10 and 14 are involved in child labor and street trading. As such, children have come to comprise 17% of Pakistan‘s total labor force. Punjab alone is estimated to have between 12 and 15 million child laborers. According to Human Right Watch (2004), at 15 million India has the largest child labor force in the world while Pakistan records 7.5million child laborers. The dramatic increase in child labor and street trading in Punjab can be attributed to several factors. The rapid population growth of many less developed countries, high rates of unemployment, inflation, low wages and deplorable working conditions has contributed to incidents of street trading and child labor as children attempt to help their families). Social ills affecting children have been an area of active empirical investigation. Indeed numerous studies exist on children who, along with their parents, are homeless, and children who hawk on the streets before and after school and on weekends and holidays. This study will bring to light the dangers associated with street trading and child labour as reported by children who engage in these practices.

ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Many nations claim that there is a need for eliminating child labor in Pakistan. Child labor and child trafficking have shown to negatively affect human capital development and the overall national development agenda. Many claim that when children do not go to school, they are denied the knowledge and skills needed for national development. Educating children, rather than forcing them to work, could yield enormous economic benefits for developing nations, through increased productivity and human capital. Benefits of education however large, may not be enough to convince poverty struck families to stop sending children to work as the concern over household survival outweighs that of children‘s future earnings, therefore this is the problem that Pakistan faces today

 FAMILY INSTITUTION Family plays a major role in the eradication of child labor, if done in a positive way. In some cases children involved in child labour to help their parents or families in times of financial distress by paying for some or all of the family‘s rent, food, clothes, utilities and so on. In addition to these expenses, national estimates put the number of children under 14 years of age working to pay for the cost of school at 8 million (FOS,2008). The same estimates reveal that about 1 million children have been forced to drop out of

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school because their parents demand that they stop attending in order to boost the family income. These statistics most certainly carry consequences for manpower development and human resources of the nation. Street trading and child labour have the potential to corrupt young minds in two ways. So it‘s the duty of parents not to make their children involve in this activity. 4

This section presents the analysis of the data collected. Questionnaires were divided into two, one for parents and one for children. This was done in order assess the remote and immediate causes of street trading and child labor Table1:Respondendts by Sex

Table 1 shows that of 250 total respondents, 90 (36%) were male while 160 (64%) were female. This table suggests that more females are engaged in and promote street trading and child labor than males. Table2:Educational Status

Table 2 shows that 70 (28%) of respondents had primary education, 35 (14%) respondents had secondary education, 20 (8%) respondents had their post secondary education, while 125 (50%) respondents had no education. This data shows that a better part of those children engaged in street trading and child labor are either those not in school or those with only a primary education.(4)

 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION Our religion is also against child labor. slam contains clear and unambiguous injunctions with regard to child survival, protection, development and welfare. Islamic injunctions stipulate that children must be protected and shielded against any harm to their body, mind or property, and that they should be saved from abuse and exploitation. Islam does 4

Dr. Asian E. Sibiri is faculty in the Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences

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not prescribe a uniform age limit for the performance of various duties/responsibilities. Therefore, in keeping with the kind and nature of responsibility/obligation, different age limits may be, and indeed, have been prescribed for different purposes. According to Imam Abu Hanifa, a person aged 25 years shall be treated as adult for exercising financial independence and handling civil or commercial transactions. As per a famous tradition (ascribed to Hazrat Abdullah Bin Umar) the Prophet of Islam declined the request of Hazrat Abdullah to the battle of Uhad but granted him permission to the battle of Ditch. According to Hazrat Asbdullah, he was 14 years old at the time of battle of Uhad but was over 15 at the time of the battle of Ditch. This tradition is said to have persuaded Caliph Umar Bin Abdul Aziz to prescribe 15 years as the age for attaining adulthood. Thus, it is permissible for the enhancement of age limit for the purpose of employment from 14 to 15 years.

 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION First, a child that misses school frequently fails to benefit comprehensively from the education system. This can mean poor performance in examinations and open the door to examination malpractice for those seeking a certificate at all cost. This in turn can lead to incompetent and unlearned graduates with consequences for the nation as a whole, including increased national illiteracy. Second, street trading and child labor may also lead to behavioral patterns inimical to healthy citizenship. They may indulge in negative activities or criminal acts, such as prostitution, armed, robbery, and pick pocketing, and face imprisonment. So it‘s necessary for a child to gain knowledge if he/she does not want to indulge in such activity. Lack of education is other major factor in increasing cases of child labor. Poor people can‘t afford educational costs so they don‘t have a choice of investing in the children education. Only with education, children can be empowered to take best decisions for themselves. Giving proper education to the children of the country should be the top priority. If children are well educated, their decisions will also bear positive effect on the fortunes of the country along with improving their quality of work. Education will allow kids to lead a dignified life.

 GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION Many government policies have been put in place to curb the issue of street trading and child labor, but all to no avail. This is, in part, because of the economic situation of most Pakistani citizens, who barely earn enough to feed themselves and their children. Lahore

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(1996), Karachi (1987) linked the phenomenon of street trading and child labor to socio economic status of poor parents who subsist at the periphery of the urban economy.

GOVERNMENT POLICY ON CHILD LABOR A number of laws contain provisions prohibiting child labor or regulating the working conditions of child and adolescent workers. The most important laws are: The Factories Act 1934. The West Pakistan Shops and Establishments Ordinance 1969. The Employment of Children Act 1991 The Bonded Labor System Abolition Act 1992. The Punjab Compulsory Education Act 1994 Child labor remains one of the major problems afflicting Pakistan and its children. Pakistan has ed laws in an attempt to limit child labor and indentured servitude—but those laws are universally ignored, and some 11 million children, aged four to fourteen, keep that country's factories operating, often working in brutal and squalid conditions.

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION Government Institution Government institution proves to be the most effective institution in this regard if it considers the following points. One idea is to set up special education society where children from economically backward families are offered free education. Government should also provide other basic facilities like books, clothes, stationary, convenience etc free of cost. Charitable organizations and trusts need to come forward and help child development programs run by government. State should formulate stringent laws against child labor. As of now law against child labor is not harsh enough and there are plenty of loopholes in it. Right from provision of life imprisonment to cancelling the industrial license of the firms where children are found working, there are several steps that government can take to completely eradicate this problem. There is an urgent need of taking initiatives to address health and safety issues in of food and agriculture industry. Steps should be taken to make people aware of the consequences of child labor. Sustainable living for one and all can only be achieved when each one of us contribute our bit for the welfare of society. Indian citizens should shoulder responsibility to report cases of child labor. Only with implementation of these steps, can India claim to be the emerging superpower.

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TARGET KILLING IN PAKISTAN

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In Pakistan, target killings have been a rising form of violence and have contributed to security instability in the country. They have become common and have gained attention especially in Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and economic capital. Police and law enforcement agencies have sometimes come under criticism for their ineffectiveness in locating the perpetrators and their motives. For most of the part, target killings in Karachi have been attributed to political, religious and ethnic reasons. Karachi is a cosmopolitan city and consists of many ethnic communities; the city's demographic play an important role in its politics. Ethnic politics have resulted in sporadic violence throughout Karachi's history, often leading to bloody conflicts. Following the Partition of India and independence of pakistan in 1947, Muslim immigrants from areas constituting modern-day India migrated in large numbers to the newly-created Muslim nation of Pakistan and became settled in Karachi, the historical capital of the sindh province. These migrants had educated, middle-class to upper class backgrounds and came from cultured families; they came to be known as muhajir people (Muhajir meaning "immigrant"). They dominated much of Karachi's businesses, something which was resented by a portion of the province's native sindhi people and radical Sindhi nationalists After the breakaway of East Pakistan in 1971 and the formation of Bangladesh, Pakistan accepted a large number of Biharis (known as "Standard pakistanis") loyal to the country, trapped in Bangladesh and offered them citizenship. The Bihari migrants assimilated into the diverse Urdu-speaking Muhajir population. Some Bengalis in Pakistan also stayed behind. Karachi's status as a regional industrial centre attracted migrants from other parts of Pakistan as well, including Punjab,Balochistan and Pashtun migrants from the frontier regions. Added to this were Iranians, Arabs, Central Asians as well as thousands of Afghan refugees who came to Karachi, initially displaced by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan; some of the Afghan and Pashtun migration brought along conservative tribal culture, further intensifying ethnic and sectarian violence and also giving rise to mob culture

VIOLENCE The ethnic mix has resulted in political parties being d with a specific group; the Muttahida qaumi movement (MQM) was founded for the political interests of the Muhajir people. Other social classes also formed their parties. Today, rivalry between groups has seen the rise of social and political chaos and a multiplication in target killings. Religious sectarian parties and Sunni-Shia conflict have also led to violence. On top of this are the drug mafia and criminal gangs, active in drugs and weapons trade.

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705 KILLED INCIDENTS:

IN

2010

TARGET

KILLING

By Atif Raza KARACHI: At least 705 people, including 488 political and religious leaders and activists, fell prey to target killing incidents during 2010. The year 2010 started with intense ethnic clash between two rival parties Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) and Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM-H), which killed three workers of MQM-H and two of MQM. All the tall claims of law enforcement agencies to maintain peace in the city went in vain as the incidents of target killing were gradually increased during 2010. According to statistics, some 75 persons fell prey to target killings in January, 28 in February, 26 in March, 30 in April, 61 in May, 64 in June, 66 in July, 152 in August, 41 in September, 122 in October, 27 in November and 20 in December. On March 11, 2010, banned outfit Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan leader Abdul Ghafoor Nadeem was targeted when he was on his way to a court for hearing along with his son. On the same day, Majlis-eKhatam-e-Nabuwat Pakistan (MKNP) chief Mufti Syed Ahmad Jalal Puri along with his guard and two family , including son and son-in-law, were shot dead in the limits of Sachhal police station. The outgoing year 2010 was also a nightmare for doctors as some 11 doctors were killed in different sectarian violence incidents. Similarly, some 26 law enforcers, including DSP Nawaz Ranjha, Inspector Nasir-ul-Hassan, in-charge central jail Ishaq Meo and Rangers personnel, were killed during said period. The city had again witnessed high bloodshed during the month of August as some 80 people, including MQM MNA Haider Raza, were killed in armed ethnic clashes. Lyari gang war has so far claimed some 120 lives, of which, some 79 persons were identified as criminals. The Shershah carnage occurred on October 19, which left some 14 people dead. For the last two years, target killings have resulted in hundreds of casualties in Karachi. According to the HR statistics, a total of 1,138 people have been killed in the city during the first half of 2011, with 490 of them killed in targeted killings on different grounds including political, sectarian and ethnic basis. Almost 748 people lost their lives in Karachi targeted killings in 2010 alone. From the holy month of Ramadan to September 2011, more than 200 people lost their precious lives in Karachi. The situation is out of control because many political and ethnic groups are involved in this mass killing. Some also allege that PPP is also involved in the target killing or might be backing alleged target killers belonging to Amman Committee. But other than that, many other parties and groups are involved in target killing in Karachi, making things difficult for the people in the city. According to an official report compiled by the t investigation team (JIT) of all key government agencies, ―most of the target killers belonged to the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), MQM-Haqqiqi, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Sipah-e-Muhammad, Awami National Party (ANP) and Sipah-eSahaba Pakistan‖.

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ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS:  FAMILY INSTITUTION: Family institution is playing very important role in this aspect as it is the family institution which guides and gives teaching of socialization. If a person is giving harm to its society its mean that there is some space left in his socialization because a person with complete socialization don‘t do anything which is socially harmful to others. So we can say that any wrong activity by an individual is because of his incomplete socialization and family is responsible for it. Family has played a role in removing this evil in a way that by giving proper guidance that giving harm to society is unethical and by giving proper sense of right and wrong activities. It is family which makes an individual ideal and perfect so Pakistani families should play their role in effective way to avoid any sort of evil from the society which is directly linked with family teachings.

 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION: Islam is our religious institution and It has given teachings and guidance in every phase of life. HOLY QURAN says: "Fight in the cause of God those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for God loves not transgressors. And slay them wherever you catch them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out; for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter... But if they cease, God is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful... If they cease, let there be no hostility except to those who practice oppression" (2:190-193). It is clear from the context that these verses are discussing a defensive war, when a Muslim community is attacked without reason, oppressed and prevented from practicing their faith. In these circumstances, permission is given to fight back -- but even then Muslims are instructed not to transgress limits, and to cease fighting as soon as the attacker gives up. Even in these circumstances, Muslim are only to fight directly against those who are attacking them, not innocent bystanders or non-combatants.

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"Fight the Pagans" - If They Break Treaties Nowhere in the Qur'an can be found for indiscriminate slaughter, the killing of non-combatants, or murder of innocent persons in 'payback' for another people's alleged crimes. The Islamic teachings on this subject can be summed up in the following verses (Qur'an 60:7-8): : for "It may be that God will grant love (and friendship) between you and those whom ye (now) hold as enemies. For God has power (over all things), and God is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. God does not forbid you, with regard to those who fight you not for (your) faith nor drive you out of your homes, from dealing kindly and justly with them God loves those who are just. Islam has prohibited everything that may pose threat to social harmony, cause breach of peace or may endanger peace and security of citizens. Islamic Shariah stands for maintenance of peace and prevention of riots and disturbances. Islam is against drunkenness, rape, adultery and scandal-mongering about innocent women. Islam strives for elimination of oppression, rioting or anything which adversely affects the culture and civilization of the country. In different forms at several places in Holy Quran, unjustified murder has been strongly condemned. Respect and protection of human life has been sufficiently stressed. Holy Quran commands: "Nor take life-which Allah has made sacred-except for just cause. " (Bani Isreal, verse 33) Murder is justified only in case of an assassin, guilty of the murder of an innocent person, as recompense. Islam has clearly defined the worth of an individual life and to follow the teachings of Islam is our duty.

 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION: Educational institution provides awareness regarding every aspect of life and make an individual responsible and sensible. Education enlightens the mind and show right path as well as gives sense to differentiate between good and bad and also power to select positive approach. Education brings positivity in mind.

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Educated people are more devoted to humanity and to their society, very few of them mislead from their track so educational institution gives the teaching of equality and not to fight with anyone and not to kill anybody as life is very precious gift of God and remove the concept of superiority on the basis of caste,status and also remove hatred among people on very minor issues. Main reason of target killing is also differences in beliefs , status and money and it can only be stopped by proper guidance from every institution.

 ECONOMICAL INSTITUTION: It‘s not playing any significant role in eliminating this issue from the society as this issue is not linked with economic institution.

 POLITICAL(GOVERNMENT) INSTITUTIONS: The present government has failed to overcome the issue of target killing. It has ordered Rangers and police to carry out surgical operation in different parts of Karachi, but it is very difficult for the police and Rangers to stem out this menace because political expediencies do not allow PPP to take any stern action against its allies in Karachi. The investigation behind the report‘s findings was carried out by ISI, MI, IB, Pakistan Rangers Sindh, Karachi police, Special Branch and CID Karachi. According to reports, Ajmal Pahari confessed to having received training in India and killing over 100 people from 1986 to 2011 on the orders of MQM high command. Although, MQM leaders have rejected this report and said that Ajmal Pahari had given statement because of torture by the law-enforcement agencies. It is responsibility of the Supreme Court now to investigate this matter and take appropriate action indiscriminately against any political party if it is involved in the malicious activities in Karachi. After the JIT report, it is clear that political parties are involved in malevolent activities in Karachi. Their politics starts from extortion and ends with kidnapping, torture and target killing of innocent people. These political players in Karachi have raised their armed gangs for reciprocal kidnapping, torture, target killing, and murder of Karachites. Unfortunately here in Pakistan our political institutions are involved in this serious social evil, they are the guiding hands behind this extremely serious problem.That‘s why its rate is increasing all over the country. How our country could progress if the lives of general people are not save.

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MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION: Family institution:

Target killing in general means deliberate putting an end of one’s life due to personal reasons and for its eradication family institution is effective because family gives shape to individual’s personality. Childhood is critical phase as the children analyses the values, attitudes,skills and roles that shape his personality and result in his integration into his society. And this takes place within the family. If an individual is doing bad it means there are some aspects missing in his personality because he had seen or analyzes something bad in his childhood. So family can remove this evil by performing their part at their best and keep their child away from every bad company and things and proper check and balance system can minimize its rate. Last but not least everyone should be sincere at their place.

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INFLATION IN PAKISTAN

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Inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation also reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of in the economy. A chief measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index (normally the Consumer Price Index) over time. Inflation's effects on an economy are various and can be simultaneously positive and negative. Negative effects of inflation include a decrease in the real value of money and other monetary items over time, uncertainty over future inflation may discourage investment and savings, and high inflation may lead to shortages goods if consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include ensuring central banks can adjust nominal interest rates (intended to mitigate recessions and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects. Inflation is at its peak all over the world and there are different reasons for it. In the case of Pakistan, it is the result of monetary phenomenon. The reason is that excess money supply growth in Pakistan has basically enhanced inflation in Pakistan. According to economic policy announced in Pakistan, the I of Pakistan dropped to 19.1% in March 2009 as compared to 25% in August 2008. In Pakistan the main reason of inflation is the increase in the prices of regular items, such as wheat, sugar, ghee and other items. The government has totally failed to control the prices of these items. Petrol price hikes is the second main cause. When oil prices are increased it affects prices of its complementary goods too. Such as transportation fares, etc. Thirdly, most of the industries are closed due to government policies creating unemployment. It has become a severe problem with more than 11 percent inflation rate per annum. A two to three percent inflation rate is necessary for the proper growth of economy but if it exceeds from this limit then it becomes a problem. Inflation can be caused by international lending, national debts, taxes among many others. Once prices have increased, they rarely go back, even if the taxes are later reduced. Pakistan is a developing country. Inflation is one of the major problems of this country. In fact, it is the root cause of oodles of problems in the country.

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PAKISTAN AND INFLATION RATE: The inflation rate in Pakistan was last reported at 10.1 percent in Jan of 2012.from 2003 until 2010,the average inflation rate in Pakistan was 10.15 percent reaching an historical high of 25.33 percent in August of and a record low of 1.41 percent in July of 2003. Inflation rate refers to a general rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing power. The most well known measures of inflation are the I which measures consumer prices, and the GDP deflator, which measures inflation in the whole of the domestic economy.

ROLE OF INFLATION IN ECONOMY Inflation always has a significant impact on the economy . A steady inflation makes it difficult to renegotiate some prices . Wages and contracts witness a downward trend , which results in fall in prices profits and employment . It can also lead to deflation , which is very destructive (Arif et . al , 2000 . Many companies may not be able to cope with the situation and end up becoming bankrupt . There is a certain limit of inflation , which helps run the economy smoothly . However inflation above the normal level may have increasingly negative impact on the economy Inflation is the result of government policies to increase the money supply . When inflation increases , it increases the tax on holding currency and encourages spending and borrowing . Inflation redistributes wealth /income from fixed incomes . In such circumstances inflation reduces the burden...

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ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS  FAMILY INSTITUTION It has no role in eradication of this problem from society as family is not responsible for it.

 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION Few selected points from rich Islamic Economic System that would help Check Inflation:

1. Hard Currency – Tied to Gold standard. Today countries artificially create currency by printing money as required. Whenever our Govt borrows money from SBP it is effectively printing the money and devaluing our currency and the very notes in our pockets over night. This has a big knock on effect on inflation. Scary when you think about it, the very notes in our pockets have no intrinsic value of their own and only possess the value of the paper they are printed on. The Islamic system requires currency / medium of exchange to be based on the Gold & Silver standard which have an intrinsic value. Notes can be used to represent the precious metals instead of carrying gold and silver around, but they must be backed up by them. Due to the intrinsic value in the precious metals stability is achieved and devaluation and inflation controlled.

2. No Artificial money As well as printing, money is also artificially created via bank loans. Banks regularly loan out more money than they have and there is in circulation i.e. they lend what they don‘t have (e.g. in US in 2007 the debt was seven times the amount of money in actual circulation). This artificial consumer spending power also leads to inflation, as increased money supply is competing in chasing limited goods.

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The Islamic system doesn‘t only forbid Riba, but also does not allow you to loan what you don‘t own or have. Money cannot be pulled out of a rabbit‘s hat. Banks cannot produce money.

3. Ownership of Oil, Gas, Natural Resources. Pricing and inflation is also linked to the cost of energy resources. The price of a barrel of oil is rising exponentially and likewise is the cost of production and transportation. This has a direct effect on the price of all commodities especially the basic necessities such as food items (due to the barbaric Capitalist system, the poor are finding it difficult to buy food). High-energy costs are affected by Govt taxes and drive for profits by hungry companies and this contributes to inflation. Islam’s solution is based on its view of ownership and permissibility of generating profits from natural resources. Islam is the only system that defines 3 types of ownership; individual, public and state property. The Prophet SAW in his Hadith has included natural resources that combust (oil field, gas field, coal mine, etc) as public property as well as other natural resources. Public property can not be transferred to the state or private sector, but remains the property of the public (Muslim Ummah) and is run by the Islamic state for their benefit on a no profit, no tax basis. Any profit generated by selling surplus oil to friendly non-muslim countries must be spent on the Ummah. Imagine you could receive a cheque in the post from the Khalif with your share from the profits generated by oil revenue. Hence the Islamic view on natural resources would be a pivotal factor in reducing prices and controlling inflation.

4. No hoarding to manipulate supply and demand We know the capitalists regularly hoard essential items in an attempt to artificially affect supply and demand in order to push up prices. This usually happens under the govts. nose. The Islamic system would actively prevent hoarding and the artificial manipulation of supply and demand.

5. Revival of Dead Land The Prophet SAW informed us that a Muslim who revives a dead Khiraji land, which was never cultivated since Muslims opened it, would own the neck as well as its produce. The Prophet SAW also informed us any Muslim or Zimmi (non-Muslim citizen of the Islamic state) who revives a dead

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Khiraji land on which Khiraj was applied in the past would own the produce, whilst the neck would remain with the State.

The concept being whoever revives a dead land can benefit from it. In Pakistan there is approx 9,709,300 (one crore) Acres of barren land can you imagine the benefit to the state and the populace of reviving this land. This presents a great incentive for poor farm workers and others to take advantage of this Islamic rule and revive dead land and the whole state would benefit. Poverty would be reduced, employment would increase and so would production. Increased production leads to increased supply and therefore cheaper prices and lower inflation.

6. Independence from dictates of Colonial Organizations Muslim countries do not have independent economic policies but take dictates from colonial organizations such as World Bank, IMF, WTO, etc. These organizations dictate a wide range of policy issues including removal of govt. subsidies on energy resources and subsidies to industry and agriculture. These subsidy removals also lead to higher prices and inflation for the general populace.

The Islamic State would not take dictates from any organizations regarding its policies. The state would enact Islamic policies beneficial to its citizens, without a care for such organizations.

These are just a few aspects of the Islamic economic system that would help lower and control inflation. Islam is a complete way of life and implementing aspects of it in a pick and choose fashion would not achieve the desired result. The complete system must be implemented as other parts are interlinked and work together (social, political, economic, penal, education, etc). The motivation for implementing the Islamic System should be derived from our desire to please our Creator.

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 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION: It ha no recognized role that would help to keep in check inflation.

 ECONOMICAL INSTITUTION: Inflation always has a significant impact on the economy . Inflation is the rise in the prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of the functional currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation is a decline in the real value of money — a loss of purchasing power in the internal medium of exchange, which is also the monetary unit of in an economy. Inflation is a key indicator of a country and provides important insight on the state of the economy and the sound macroeconomic policies that govern it. A stable inflation not only gives a nurturing environment for economic growth, but also uplifts the poor and fixed income citizens who are the most vulnerable in society.

 POLITICAL(GOVERNMENT) INSTITUTION: Inflation is the result of government policies to increase the money supply. When inflation increases , it increases the tax on holding currency and encourages spending and borrowing . Inflation redistributes wealth /income from fixed incomes. In such circumstances inflation reduces the burden. In Pakistan the main reason of inflation to increase the prices of regular items, Such as Atta Dal Sugar ,Ghee and other items.The government is totally fail to control the prices of these items. Secondly, the government to increase the oil prices .when oil prices are increase affect of every items that used in daily life. Such as fares of trucks,etc. Third things the mostly industries are closed due to government polices and create

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unemployment.One Example.The Dewan Mushtaq Group is Mostly Companies are closed.In Dewan Salman Fibre Ltd is a largest polyester staple fibre plant in Asia.There are 5000 Peoples are work in this organization. Totally Employees are unemployed reason close plant due Government and other problems.

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION Political Institution It has been generally agreed by the economists that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth in the supply of money. Today, most economists favour a low steady rate of inflation. Low (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduce the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilising the economy. The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities. Generally, these monetary authorities are the central banks that control the size of the money supply through the setting of interest rates, through open market operations, and through the setting of banking reserve requirements. There are many causes for inflation, depending on a number of factors. For example, inflation can happen when governments print an excess of money to deal with a crisis. When any extra money is created, it will increase some societal group‘s buying power. As a result, prices end up rising at an extremely high speed to keep up with the currency surplus. All sectors in the economy try to buy more than the economy can produce. Shortages are then created and merchants lose business. To compensate, some merchants raise their prices. Others don‘t offer discounts or sales. In the end, the price level rises. This is called demand-pull inflation, in which prices are forced upwards because of a high demand, and excessive monetary growth. For inflation to continue, the money supply must grow faster than the real GDP. Another common reason of inflation is a rise in production costs, which leads to an increase in the price of the final product. For example, if raw materials increase in price, this leads to the cost of production increasing, this in turn leads to the company increasing prices to maintain their profits, this kind of inflation is call cost-push inflation. Furthermore, rising labour costs can also lead to inflation, because workers demand wage

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increases, and companies usually chose to on those costs to their customers, this sort of inflation is called wage-push inflation. The government is cautious about inflation and thus has taken various steps to release demand pressures on the one hand and enhance supplies of essential commodities on the other. To ease demand pressures, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has continuously tightened the monetary policy over the last three years and more so in the current fiscal year, while to enhance supplies, the government has relaxed its import regime and allowed imports of several essential items so that there is a continuous flow in the supply of those important commodities. In addition, the government increased the imports of items like wheat, pulse and sugar to complement the efforts of the private sector. In order to provide relief to the common man, the government also increased the scale of operations of the Utility Stores Corporation (USC) which supplies essential commodities such as wheat flour, sugar, pulses and cooking oil/ ghee at less than the market prices.

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HEALTH ISSUE

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Healthcare in Pakistan is istered mainly in the private sector which s for approximately 80% of all outpatient visits. The public sector was until recently led by the Ministry of Health, however the Ministry was abolished in June 2011 and all health responsibilities (mainly planning and fund allocation) were devolved to provincial Health Departments which had until now been the main implementers of public sector health programs. Pakistan is the 6th largest state of the world having a huge flux of population living in rural and urban areas. The Federal Government of Pakistan after taking her due share from NFC award promise to fulfil the four major objectives i.e security, education, health and sanitation. Unfortunately, only 1.5% of entire budget is allocated to health and sanitation which is insufficient. Secondly, the sanitary condition are deplorable and the stagnant water absorb 150 feet in the soil mixing up with clean water, which is spreading severe diseases. Owing to this poor sanitary condition W.H.O projected the idea of oral polio vaccination. Additionally, the number of doctors is less to tackle the problems of health. In Punjab only 1400 doctors qualify every year where as statistics show that every year 70, 000 babies born in Punjab. The infrastructure is undeveloped. The basic health units in rural areas are not equipped enough to better the falling health of rural populace. If there are well equipped hospitals, the availability of doctors is not ensured. Glaringly, the quaks are performing in every nook and corner of the country without any fear of ability. The medicine companies are indulge in minting money with the help of dishonest doctor, consequently killing many people. Less attention is given to sterilize the tools and transfer of blood without disease. Because of the religious myths and cultural barriers less attention is given to female health which results in the increment of MMR and TMR. Apart from medical sector, the industrial sector is also adding fuel to the fire. They don‘t have any proper way of wasting the waste material of their industrial units. They are increasing the pollution without any single thought of health hazards. No measures have been taken to eradicate the problems of pollution or to deal with such industries. Agriculture sectors is also indulge in the same practices unaware of the gloomy side of fertilizers and pesticides, which are being used by the uneducated farmers. This causes an alarming situation of skin problems in rural areas together with disturbing the ecosystem. Lack of re-creation facilities let them to have only conjonal re-creation that results in surging the population, which is not taken proper care because of low income. Focussing on the golden rule of ―Health is wealth‖, the government of Pakistan should take appropriate measures for the betterment of health facilities in Pakistan. There should

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be strong policies with accurate implementation. The awareness programmes should be managed to let the people know about the problems and remedies. Their should be a strong determination for cleaning the surroundings of the rural as well as urban populace. From domestic to international level, a healthy society can fight against the evils of society and let the people free from the cluthes of ignorance.

Priority diseases Most common and lethal diseases in Pakistan include: 

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Acute respiratory infection (51%): Among the victims of ARI, most vulnerable are children whose immune systems have been weakened by malnutrition. In 1990, National ARI Control Programme was started in order to reduce the mortality concerned with pneumonia and other respiratory diseases. In following three years, death rates among victims under age of five in Islamabad had been reduced to half.In 2006, there were 16,056,000 reported cases of ARI, out of which 25.6% were children under age of five] Viral Hepatitis (7.5%): Viral Hepatitis, particularly that caused by types B and C are major epidemics in Pakistan with nearly 12 million individuals infected with either of the virus. The main cause remains massive overuse of therapeutic injections and reuse of syringes during these injections in the private sector healthcare. Malaria (16%): It is a problem faced by the lower class people in Pakistan. The unsanitary conditions and stagnant water bodies in the rural areas and city slums provide excellent breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Use of nets and mosquito repellents is becoming more common. A programme initiated by the government aims to bring down malarial incidence below 0.01% by the year 2011. In Pakistan, malarial incidence reaches its peak in September In 2006, there were around 4,390,000 new reported cases of fever. Diarrhea (15%): There were around 4,500,000 reported cases in 2006, 14% of which were children under the age of five.[ Dysentry (8%) and Scabies (7%) Others: goiter, hepatitis and tuberculosise

Controlable diseases 

Cholera: As of 2006, there were a total of 4,610 cases of suspected cholera. However, the floods of 2010 suggested that cholera transmission may be more prevalent than previously understood. Furthermore, research from the Aga Khan University suggests that cholera may for a quarter of all childhood diarrhea in some parts of rural Sindh.

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Dengue fever: An outbreak of dengue fever occurred in October 2006 in Pakistan. Several deaths occurred due to misdiagnosis, late treatment and lack of awareness in the local population. But overall, steps were taken to kill vectors for the fever and the disease was controlled later, with minimal casualties. Measles: As of 2008, there were a total of 441 reported cases of measles in Pakistan Meningococcal meningitis: As of 2006, there were a total of 724 suspected cases of Meningococcal meningitis. Poliomyelitis: Pakistan is one of the few countries in which polio has not been eradicated. As of 2008, there were a total of 89 reported cases of polio in Pakistan. Polio cases may be on an increase. The year 2010 saw an increase in the number of cases as well identification of polio from new locations. Experts from the national program and the WHO felt that the new cases identified from southern Punjab and northern Sindh may have resulted from importation of infections from other locations in Pakistan. Locations in FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa remain hosts for year round persistence of infection and environmental sampling by the national program and WHO suggests that polio remains endemic in many other parts of the country.

Aids HIV/AIDS in Pakistan is well established and may even be expanding Pakistan. Risk factors are high rates of commercial sex and non-marital sex, high levels of therapeutic injections (often with non-sterile equipment), and low use of condoms. The former National AIDS Control Programme (it was devolved with the Health Ministry) and the UNAIDS state that there are an estimated 97,000 HIV positive individuals in Pakistan. However, these figures are based on dated opinions and inaccurate assumptions; and are inconsistent with available national surveillance data which suggest that the overall number may closer to 40,000.

ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTION  FAMILY INSTITUTION Family institution plays an effective role for the health with in the family. The most famous proverb ‗HEALTH IS WEALTH‘. If you are healthy, you can achieve everything in your life. Family provides all the basic needs regarding health. If the family institution doesnot focus on health care, the family unables to meet the other requirements of the life also.

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 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION Food is an essential prerequisite for life and as such the primary goal of eating and drinking is to enable the body to function normally. With food, or the lack of it, the destinies of individuals are greatly influenced. We should "eat to live", and "not live to eat". The Holy Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.w.) recommended even for pious man the quantity of food "which is just sufficient to keep his back-bone erect". Islam ens us to have a balance diet in order to have a variety of nutrients. When we look at verses from the Holy Qur‘an, the recommended foods indicate nutrient density. It states:

"O you people! Eat of what is on earth lawful and good!" "Pure milk, easy and agreeable to swallow for those who drink."

 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION Education institution helps to create the awareness among the people about the health from the childhood. They helps them to differentiate among the healthy and junk foods so that they can adopt those items that are nutritious for them and keeps them healthy. These documents outlined the seven areas of responsibilities which are shown below.

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 ECONOMICAL INSTITUTION: Financial institutions in various forms make most of the economic activity in today's world possible. Health is another major issue in Pakistan. The size of the population and the economic conditions make it difficult to manage the public health services. The gravity of the situation can be visualized from the fact that even major cities (Lahore, Karachi, Rawalpindi etc.) do not have sufficient resources and facilities to provide adequate services to the public. In the city like Lahore, people have to wait in large queues, for their turn and for weeks for an appointment with a specialist. Another issue that complicates the problems is corruption. It is ―customary‖ for dispensaries to run out of medical supplies, even when they have sufficient budget and inventories.

 POLITICAL INSTITUTION Government of Pakistan plays significant role to overcome these problems as soon as possible. These problems are: Like other parts of the globe World Tuberculosis (TB) Day was observed in Pakistan to raise awareness about the global epidemic and making efforts to eliminate the disease.To

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mark the day various activities were arranged by medical and educational institutions besides governmental and non- government organizations. Presently, malnutrition, anemia (about 70-80%), high prevalence of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) (i.e. 350-450/100000 live birth), lack of prenatal, natal, antenatal and postnatal care, high fertility rate (4.6 children per women-NIPS 2008), early-age marriages, endogamy and psychological problems are main health issues of women of Gilgit Baltistan. These issues affect not only the women‘s health badly but also children‘s health at large

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION:

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION: It is a common understanding that people with higher level of education lead a more healthy life due to their enhanced level of awareness compared to the less educated individuals. Two important prerequisites for an effective health policy are; monitoring and forecasting the population's health and its health determinants. Health of any individual or that of a society or community is not dependent on a particular single factor. In fact it is the product of the interaction of our environments, socio-economic status, psycho-social conditions and cultural norms and beliefs with our genetic inheritance. ―The social conditions, in which people live, powerfully influence their chances to be healthy. Indeed factors such as poverty, social exclusion and discrimination, poor housing, unhealthy early childhood conditions and low occupational status are important determinants of most diseases, deaths and health inequalities between and within countries‖. An exogenous increase in education causes better health among individuals. Hence, those with more years of education can take care of the risks factors leading to health. Thus, health policy researchers and analysts should emphasis that health and education represent a mutual approach in improving population health.

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STREET CRIME

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Street crime is a loose term for criminal offences taking place in public places. It has moved to occupy the place once held by mugging. According to London's Metropolitan Police Force street crime is: Robbery, often called 'mugging', and also includes thefts from victims in the street where property is snatched and the victim is not assaulted. Crime on the streets of a city may include many other types of offences, for example pick pocketing, the open carrying-on of the illegal drugs trade, prostitution in the form of soliciting outside the law, the creation of graffiti and vandalism of public property, and assaults. As a generic term street crime may include all of these, as well as offences against private property such as the stealing of hub caps. Street crimes are commonplace in Pakistan. Almost everyone has a story to tell about having a purse or a wallet stolen; everyday street crimes appear in the news headlines. They usually only occur in the big cities, where there are homeless street-people. An analysis of the official data compiled by the Citizens-Police Liaison Committee (LC) reveals that, on an average, 124 mobile phones are snatched/stolen every day. In the preceding year, the figure had stood at 76. The growing trend of cellphone snatching and theft in Karachi reflects the failure of the police in containing the crime. Despite the IMEI mechanism having been activated to get the handsets jammed by the concerned cellular companies, there has been a little or no improvement in the overall situation.

ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS  Family institution Family plays a major role in the eradication of street crime by telling the importance of family to those who are indulge in this act. Crimes doesn't affect only certain families or citizens, it affects everyone and the nation at large. It causes great grief, pain and suffering on individuals and families. It puts a tremendous amount of burden on healthcare businesses and the overall healthcare system.

 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION Religion play no role in this regard

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 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION Educated people will never indulge in such crime Interested youth have come forward and contributed their ideas and experience to assist in creating real messages for the young people of Pakistan. Through partnerships with school boards and community groups youth learn about: a) The grim realities of the gun and gang lifestyle b) Positive, law-abiding lifestyle choices, and c) The mechanisms that are available when gang-involved youth decide to exit aging and/or a life of crime. By working with youth and partnering with school boards to assist in the development and production of education programs such as Public Service Announcements and education videos, and by targeting influential community groups, PEACE will deter young people from accepting guns and street gangs as a way of life. Additionally, youth will be asked to participate in prevention and education measures to take guns off the streets.

 GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION Political corruption has diminished as a focus of organized crime. In the first half of the twentieth century, some organized crime groups blackmailed or paid money to politicians in return for favorable legislation and favorable treatment from city hall. This sort of activity has decreased over the years as public scrutiny of political activity has increased. When there is an increase in the price of those drugs they are already addicted to, this means they will have to spend more money to come up with the same quantity of those drugs they were using in the past to give them that "high" they are already accustomed to. Also, it may may even take more of the cheaper alternatives to give them that level of high they are already used to. This means in any of these cases, they will have to spend more money. Based on the above premise, we may infer that the number of all the above

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crimes are very likely to increase as addicts are forced to increase their total expenditure for drugs. Although the creation of more youth job training programs and jobs in general could help a lot to decrease the rate of crimes in cities across the nation, this by itself is simply not enough to dramatically reduce the crime rate in every city. Due to the direct relationship between drugs and street crimes, one of the best approach to fight street crime is for citizens, cities and law enforcement officers to come up with a strategic approach in eradicating or cutting down on the sale and usage of street drugs. By decreasing unemployment rate and inflation government can overcome this problem.

 ECONOMICAL INSTITUTION Economy plays no role in the eradication of street crime. Despite stringent punishments, organized crime is difficult to eradicate. It tends to occur in large cities where anonymity is relatively easy to maintain. The size and hereditary makeup of many enterprises make them capable of surviving the arrest and imprisonment of numerous . Many organized crime participants are careful, efficient, and professional criminals, making them difficult to apprehend. Violence often accompanies organized crime. Many crime syndicates use murder, torture, assault, and Terrorism to keep themselves powerful and profitable. The constant threat of violence keeps victims and witnesses silent. Without them, prosecutors find it difficult to press charges against organized criminals.

MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION The major causes are unemployment and illiteracy but there are some other factors too like lawlessness, fundamentalism, backwardness and double standards prevailing in the society. The government should take steps to control these street crimes in Pakistan to make Pakistan a peaceful country

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SUICIDE ATTEMPTS IN PAKISTAN

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The intentional taking of one's own life voluntary and intentionally; self-murder; specifically (Law), the felonious killing of one's self; the deliberate and intentional destruction of one's own life by a person of years of discretion and of sound mind.In growing years, incidences of suicide issue to rest assured wider in Pakistan and suicide has turn into a major public health problem. From available evidence it appears that most suicides occur in puerile people (contrasting men and married female) beneath the age of 30 second childhood. Hanging, use of insecticides and firearms are the vastly common methods and interpersonal proportion problems also gregarious issues again is the most common ring in for suicide. Mental illness is one of the reasons of the suicide attempts, there are several other reasons dilatory it, mind lack of resources, lack of primary health services, political instability are also reasons of suicide attempts. To tackle this problem public also health professionals ardor to power altogether cloak oversight besides non government institutions.

Suicide and attempted suicide are understudied subjects in Pakistan, an Islamic country where they are considered criminal offenses. at rest suicide statistics are not compiled nor are suicide mortality statistics reported to the totality Health job (WHO). There is absence of information on suicide from Pakistan, an Islamic kingdom in which data collection poses formidable challenges. A variety of social, legal, and religious factors establish reporting and diagnosing suicide ambitious. Paradoxically, incidents of suicide are regularly reported in newspapers Pakistan. In the effortlessness of other item these reports puff a useful, though basic enlightenment source as suicidal deaths

Pakistan is a South Asian developing country with a population of approximately 162 million, with 97% Muslim folk. Suicide is a condemned act in Islam. Traditionally, suicide numbers were low but in recent years, they have shown an increase and suicide has become a major public health no picnic clout Pakistan. There are no certified statistics on suicide from Pakistan. Suicide deaths are not included in the national annual Mortality statistics. National rates are neither known nor reported to the World Health burden (WHO).

In last, the methodical low rates of suicide and the demanding influence of Islam appears to have undergone a radical tailor in Pakistan and suicide has become a major governmental health uphill. There is need considering collaboration between government,

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non-governmental organizations and federal and mental health professionals to take up this demand.

ROLE OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS  FAMILY INSTITUTION The behaviour of parents may increase the risk of suicide in the children.There are many features of family life that impact on suicidal behavior. Abuse of children, both physically and sexually, appears to result in an increase in later suicidal behavior as well as other psychiatric disorders and symptoms. In general, having a spouse and children reduces the risk of suicide, family can play a role in precipitating suicide. For example, often family feel and express a great deal of hostility toward one another.An individual commits suicide in response to the conscious or unconscious murderous impulses for them.The role of murderous desires of parents toward their offspring may play a greater role in adolescent suicides than in the suicides of older adults. Transactional analysis has proposed that suicidal individuals had parents who experienced these desires (such as "I wish you had never been born") during the baby's first year of life. Loss of parents during childhood, especially between the ages of six and sixteen, increases the risk of suicide.In general, research finds that married couples in which one partner attempts suicide have poorer communication between each other and more destructive conflicts (such as avoiding discussion and fleeing the home), and that the suicidal partner is more psychiatrically disturbed.

 RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION A verse in the Quran instruct; "And do not kill yourselves, surely God is most Merciful to you." Hadith - Bukhari 2:446 Narrated Abu Huraira:The Prophet said, "He who commits suicide by throttling shall keep on throttling himself in the Hell Fire (forever) and he who commits suicide by stabbing himself shall keep on stabbing himself in the Hell-Fire." Hadith - Bukhari 7:670, Narrated Abu Huraira:The Prophet said,

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"Whoever purposely throws himself from a mountain and kills himself, will be in the (Hell) Fire falling down into it and abiding therein perpetually forever; and whoever drinks poison and kills himself with it, he will be carrying his poison in his hand and drinking it in the (Hell) Fire wherein he will abide eternally forever; and whoever kills himself with an iron weapon, will be carrying that weapon in his hand and stabbing his abdomen with it in the (Hell) Fire wherein he will abide eternally forever." Out of all the bounties Allah has bestowed upon human beings, the most precious is the gift of life. Each one us should that this life Allah has granted us, it is not our personal possession or our personal property. In-fact it is a trust from Allah, making us merely trustees. Because we are trustees we should utilise each and every moment of our lives in the paths that please Allah. In one verse of the Quraan Allah informs mankind, "And I (Allah) created not the jinn and mankind except that they should worship Me (Alone)". (Surah Adh-Dhariyat Verse 56) From this verse we can learn the reason why Allah created mankind. How precious is this gift of life, we can learn through the Holy Quraan, Ahadeeth (Traditions and Sayings of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him)) and the Shariah (Islamic Law). For instance, in one verse of the Quraan, Allah says, "He has forbidden you only the carrion (flesh of dead animals), and blood, and flesh of swine, and that which is slaughtered as a sacrifice for others than Allah (or has been slaughtered for idols, on which Allah‘s Name has not been mentioned whilst slaughtering). But if one is forced by necessity without wilful disobedience nor transgressing due limits, then there is no sin on him. Truly, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful."(Surah Al-Baqarah Verse 173) In the closing stages of this verse Allah talks about one who is forced to consume Haraam (unlawful) items due to the fear of death. Allah says, then there is no sin in him. For example, one is in severe hunger, such hunger that could lead to ones death, he consumes something that is Haraam (unlawful) e.g. Carrion, on the Day of Judgement he will not be questioned regarding these Haraam (Unlawful) items he consumed in order to save his life. Similarly one is fasting in the Month of Ramadhaan and severe thirst over-takes him, again it is permissible for him to break his fast in order to saves ones life. Even if he broke the fast by consuming Haraam (Unlawful) fluids e.g. Blood, Alcohol he will not be questioned regarding this. From this verse we can undoubtedly acknowledge how precious and valuable life is in the eyes of The Almighty Allah.

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 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION Educational institution provides awareness regarding every aspect of life and make an individual responsible and sensible. Education enlightens the mind and show right path as well as gives sense to differentiate between good and bad and also power to select positive approach. Education brings positivity in mind. Frustration was the most major factor behind the increasing trend of suicide attempt in our society.The young generation has no directionand lack of purpose in life and also negative attitude including aggression and suicide attempts were developing among them.Educatinal institutions has failed to providequality educatin and building personality. Lack of jobs create Frustration among people,people have education but they have no jobs to fullfill their basic needs so thats why many people attempt suicide. Now there was an urgent need for change in our attitudes right from the ruling class to the door step of the common man it is possible when we educate our people,give quality education to our people because good quality education made good human being and also able us to think in such a way that what is right or what is wrong.

 GOVERNMENT INSTITUTION The government plays a vital role.Bad policies of government pushing people to committing suicide.There are several reasons behind the increasing number of suicides in Pakistan and the bad government policy is at the top of these problems. What leads people to commit this excruciating act is the most important question which es through the mind every Time when someone kills himself. This alarming issue invites attention of government and media to think over the matter and eliminate the reasons that push people to commit this extreme act. Several reasons are out there that pushes a man into the depth of despair and leave no way out for him to get rid of his misery but to commit suicide. It is only disappointment which pushes them to end their lives in a cruel and inhuman way because they do not find any other option that could help them to beat their problems.

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A common and basic reason which drives people to get relief from the clutches of a painful life is poverty. The lack of basic amenities of human life leads towards starvation that makes people commit suicide without even thinking it a wrong act. Individuals commit suicide to get rid from this painful condition of their lives. They even forget that Islam does not allow this act in any circumstances. In Pakistan, where the basic system of government is not working properly, this worrying problem is getting worst as people do not find the solution of their problems. They feel themselves alone in the depth of disappointment and find no way out from their problems. Presently, the most common reason for the suicide is the lack of employment which not only affects one person but the whole family. People desperately want jobs but find nothing but desperation which creates frustration and it leads to them to commit suicide. The suicide cases in Pakistan have grown many times bigger as compared to the past decade as now people are in a miserable condition. In the past, people never committed suicide because of these issues but now these problems have grown into major driving force to commit this extreme act. Provide education to people and giving them respectable sources of earning will certainly help them to live a satisfied life and they will never commit this act because it is the dissatisfaction and despair that lead them towards self killing.

 ECONOMICAL INSTITUTION Role of economy is also very important towards suicide attempts.The economy position of country is strong so people have enough resources to fullfill their basic needs,If their needs would be fullfilling easily then why people go for committing suicide. But the country like Pakistan,where the economy is very down,people do not have enoug resources to accomplish their basic need most likely food ,water ,clothing, shelter ,education etc. Pakistan is a poor country where the economy goes down with time.There is no positive progress in Pakistan economy so the poverty rate is increasing day by day.An increase in poverty is the increase in suicide attempts.

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MOST EFFECTIVE INSTITUTION ECONOMIC INSTITUTION Every institution has its own role to finish this evil from the society but the role of Economic institution is the most effective role to overcome this evil from the society.If the economy of any country would be strong so the lots of problems people facing would be overcome,because of strong economy condition employment rate would be high,people have jobs to fullfill their basis needs.If people have jobs they have enough money so the poverty level would be decreased and directly the suicide rate wuld also be decreased.

POVERTY FROM 1984 TO PRESENT Poverty and backward social indicators remain serious problems in Pakistan. Notwithstanding tripling of per capita incomes over the last fifty years, Pakistan's human development remains behind that in countries with similar levels of income.1 Internal differences in poverty and human development indicators have persisted or widened – among regions, between rural and urban areas, and between men and women. The 1990s have been a particularly adverse decade. Macroeconomic imbalances widened during the decade and have brought Pakistan on the verge of a debt trap. These imbalances contributed to, and were also exacerbated by a deterioration of the investment climate, and a decline in growth. Progress in poverty reduction and social indicators stagnated, and in few cases progress was even reversed. At the beginning of a new millennium, Pakistan is saddled with unsustainable external and domestic debt, the resources available from accumulating which did not generate commensurate economic and social returns. Turning the situation around hinges on Pakistan's capacity to rapidly address serious macroeconomic imbalances, restore an investment environment conducive to growth, and improve the population's access to health and education services. While the last two years have seen promising initiatives to turn the situation around, they are too recent to have tangible effect, and need to be sustained over time before they can generate significant and palpable results. Poverty in Pakistan, as is the case with most countries, is linked to overall growth performance of the economy. Periods of substantial and sustained poverty reduction – in Pakistan‘s case, notably, the late 1980s – also happen to be periods of sustained growth. On the other hand, uneven growth in the last decade has led to volatility, and on balance, stagnation of poverty measured in consumption . Most importantly, even when growth has occurred, resulting in reductions of income or consumption poverty, the gains have not translated into commensurate increases in capability, as measured by indicators of human development. Pakistan has poor health, education, and fertility indicators for its level of per capita income.2 Moreover, comparing Pakistan with countries that grew at

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about the same rate (regardless of initial income level), suggests that other moderate growers achieved more social progress than Pakistan for a given amount of growth. The failure to develop human capital, which can be described as a social gap as far as Pakistan is concerned, is one of the likely reasons for the slowdown in growth and poverty reduction in the 1990s.3 The ability to achieve sustainable growth and poverty reduction in future will thus require addressing the shortcomings in human development, including the institutional factors that contribute to these failings. Poverty, Growth and Inequality On the whole, growth and to some extent, changes in distribution of consumption are important in explaining changes in consumption poverty in Pakistan. Between 1984-85 and 1987-88, substantial poverty reduction took place, as a result of strong growth performance that led to sizeable increases in mean consumption, along with reduced inequality in rural areas. From 1987-88 to 1990-91, lower growth rates combined with slight worsening of inequality, led to smaller gains in poverty reduction. This pattern was carried into the 1990s, a period that also the saw large variations in growth rates that led to fluctuations in consumption poverty. During the later part of the 1990s, growth performance dropped off considerably, which led to worsening of the poverty situation since 1996-97. On balance during the 1990s, incidence, depth and severity of overall poverty remained almost unchanged if one were to compare the beginning and the end of the decade (1990-91 and 1998-99).

Poverty in Pakistan is difficult to quantify. In 2006, the methodology used by the Pakistani government to estimate those living in poverty was challenged by the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). At that time, the government estimate was that 23.9 per cent of the population lived below the poverty line but the independent organisations assessed the figure in the range of 25.7 - 28.3 per cent. Those independent bodies ed estimates of a considerable fall in the statistic by the 2007-08 fiscal year, when it was estimated that 17.2% of the total population lived below the poverty line. The declining trend in poverty as seen in the country during the 1970s and 1980s was reversed in the 1990s by poor federal policies and rampant corruption. This phenomenon has been referred to as the "poverty bomb‖. In 2001, the government was assisted by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in preparing the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper that suggests guidelines to reduce poverty in the country.

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5

Comparing 1990-91 with 1998-99, the national poverty rate remained almost unchanged between the beginning and the end of the decade (Figure 1).4 In the intervening years during the 1990s, poverty rates showed high volatility from year to year, and it appears that a steep increase in poverty occurred during the end of the decade (however, due to methodological considerations affecting comparability, the estimates for these intervening years should be treated with some caution). Prior to the 1990s, poverty is found to have declined sharply, particularly between 1984-85 and 1987-88.

5

described in detail in the Interim Poverty Assessment Report, that poverty was underestimated in the surveys between 1992-93 and 1996-97;

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The link between growth and consumption poverty can be seen from observing that the later part of the 1980s, characterized by substantial poverty reduction, were also periods of high growth. Since then, as growth slowed in the 1990s, particularly during the later part of the decade, poverty stagnated and some of the earlier gains were even reversed. Disaggregating by region, while urban poverty fell between 1990-91 and 1998-99, rural poverty held at about 36%, widening the rural-urban gap (Table 1). This is of particular concern because 71% of Pakistanis live in rural areas. In addition, a significant share of the population appear to be at the risk of Poverty and hunger often go together. The affordability of food is usually a bigger issue than its availability in most poor nations, according to research published by Indian-born economist and Nobel Laureate Dr. Amartya Sen. With few exceptions, rising incomes and reductions in poverty rates are known to lead to lower hunger levels.

6

Pakistan experienced significant declines in poverty and hunger from the year 2000 until 2008, according to figures published by the World Bank and the International Food Policy Research Institute in their separate reports published recently.

As per capita income rose over 50% to nearly $2500 in purchasing power, poverty in Pakistan decreased from about 34.5% to 17.2% and hunger went down with it during Musharraf 6

Pakistan economic survey report

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years from 2000 to 2008, as reported by World Bank and IFPRI as lagging indicators. The global hunger index score, published annually by the International Food Policy Research Institute(IFPRI), is a number between zero and 100, with lower figure signifying less hunger.

Based on hunger data collected from 2003 to 2008, IFPRI reported that Pakistan's hunger index score improved over the last three consecutive years reported since 2008 from 21.7 (2008) to 21.0 (2009) to 19.1 (2010) and its ranking rose from 61 to 58 to 52. During the same period, India's index score worsened from 23.7 to 23.9 to 24.1 and its ranking moved from 66 to 65 to 67 on a list of 84 nations. At 22.67% improvement in its hunger score since 1990, Pakistan has improved less than India's 23.97% reduction, explained mainly by little or no progress in Pakistan during the lost decade of the 1990s under Bhutto and Sharif governments. In spite of the progress Pakistan made until 2008, the hunger situation in Pakistan (and Sri Lanka) is still rated as serious on a scale ranging from low level hunger to extremely alarming, and for the rest of South Asia, including India, the situation is described as alarming by the world hunger report 2010.

PROGRAM TO CURB POVERTY REFORMING FOOD STAMPS The Food Stamp program is one of the largest means-tested welfare programs in the nation. Although Food Stamps are given to a wide variety of individuals, 80 percent of Food Stamp aid goes to families with children. Of the aid going to families with children, some 85 percent goes to children in single parent or no parent families. Only 15 percent goes to married couples with children. Although nearly all Food Stamp households contain working-age adults, few of these individuals are employed. Food Stamps foster patterns of long term dependence. Half of Food Stamp aid goes to individuals who have received aid 8.5 years or more. The Food Stamp program should be reformed in the same manner as the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program. Specifically, all able-bodied, non-elderly adults should be required to work as a condition of receiving aid. If a recipient cannot find a private sector job, he or she

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should perform community service work (workfare) or other activities directed at selfsufficiency. Individuals who refuse to engage in required activities should not receive aid. If the Food Stamp program were reformed according to the principle set forth above, four outcomes would follow. The reform would produce: 1. a substantial reduction in dependence; 2. a substantial reduction in child poverty; 3. an increase in employment; and, 4. a reduction in out-of-wedlock child bearing. Data on Food Stamps 7 Some 80 percent of Food Stamp benefits go to families with children. As Chart 1 shows, of the benefits going to families with children, some 85 percent go to single parent homes or homes with no parents; only 15 percent go to children in married couple homes. Current employment in Food Stamp households is rare even in homes with able-bodied working age adults. As Chart 2 shows, among Food Stamp households in 1999:  63 percent of married couples with children had earned income;  38 percent of single parents with children had earned income; and  Only 19 percent of able-bodied non-elderly adults without children had earned income.(6)

Pillars of the poverty strategy The poverty framework is based on four pillars: • Growth • Productivity • ability, and • Vulnerability. These pillars indicate the range of areas of possible assistance from the aid program which emerge from poverty analyses. The pillars reflect the knowledge gained over the last few years on the most effective type of aid interventions to ensure a balanced and effective approach to reducing poverty. Strengthening frameworks for sustainable and inclusive economic growth that will benefit the poor by • Encouraging sound macroeconomic policies, especially actions to avoid excessive debt levels or high levels of inflation 7

Characteristics of food stamp household

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• ing government expenditure and revenue policies that help ensure the poor benefit from growth (such as an adequate and equitable taxation system, and government programs that effectively target the poor) • ing developing countries to reap the benefits of trade and market liberalization, and • Providing essential economic and social infrastructure, with particular attention to the needs of poor communities. ing interventions that enable the poor to increase their productivity by • Facilitating access by the poor to key productive assets, including land and credit •Investing in the human capital of the poor in areas such as health and population programs, Education and training, and agricultural technology transfer • ing activities that allow women to contribute and benefit from development, and • Investing in the future through for programs aimed at lifting children out of poverty. Encouraging governments, institutions and donors to be more able to the poor by • Improving the poor‘s access to and engagement in governance processes •Engaging with governments and civil society to remove barriers to the participation of the poor, including participation in decision-making • Helping to develop more effective, efficient and transparent istration • Strengthening law and justice, human rights, democratic institutions and developing civil society, and • ing actions that take of disadvantaged groups in society, including minority groups, the disabled and the aged. Reducing vulnerability by • ing activities and approaches that minimise the possibility of conflict, and are responsive both during and after conflicts to restore the basis for development • Challenging social practices that lead to exclusion

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• Investing in programs that will reduce the chances of natural or human catastrophes, or programs that will reduce the adverse impacts of such catastrophes • Exploring programs for government to the victims of disasters • Developing comprehensive social mechanisms in times of crisis, and • Working with small island states, especially those in the South Pacific, to overcome their special vulnerabilities

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BIBLOGRAPHY 

"Sub Group on Child Labor". Child Rights Information Network.



"Stop Child And Forced Labor". International Labor Rights Forum. Retrieved Feb 2011.



Bequele, A. and J. Boyden. 1988. "Working Children: Current Trends and Policy

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Responses." International Labor Review 127,2: 153-171.



Education in Pakistan‖, Dr. Shahid Siddique, Article, 2006

     

Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, 1947-1958. Islamabad: National Commission on Historicaland Cultural Research, 1976 Ahmad, Mushtaq. Government and Politics in Pakistan. New York: Praeger, 1963. Characteristics of food stamp household Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2009.─ Islamabad: The Authority, 2009.─ 536p. Social Indicators of Pakistan 2007.─ Islamabad : The Authority, 2008.



Arif Ahmed, Crime and the Courts in Pakistan 2000-2011.

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Pakistan economic survey report 2000-2009.

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