Jss3 Note. Computer Studies Notes... 4pu5w

Computer - Internet and Intranet Internet It is a worldwide system which has the following characteristics:  Internet is a world-wide / global system of interconnected computer networks.  Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (T/IP)  Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.  IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer’s location.  A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP Address so that can locate a computer by a name.  For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to a particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted.  Internet is accessible to every all over the world.

Intranet    

Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are connected to each other. PCs in intranet are not available to the world outside the intranet. Usually each company or organization has their own Intranet network and /employees of that company can access computers in their intranet. Each computer in Intranet is also identified by an IP Address which is unique among the computers in that Intranet.

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Introduction to Internet Terminology A ADSL: (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) - A method for moving data over regular telephone lines that is much faster than a regular telephone connection. A common configuration of ADSL would allow a subscriber to at speeds of up to 1.544 megabits per second, and at speeds of up to 128 kilobits per second. See Also: Baud, BPS, ISDN, Modem Anonymous FTP: To connect to an FTP server without providing a personal ID and . Often permitted by large host computers who are willing to openly share some of their system files to outside s who otherwise would not be able to . See Also: FTP, , Applet: A small Java program that can be placed (embedded) in an HTML page. Applets differ from full-fledged Java applications in that they are not allowed to access files and serial devices (modems, printers, etc.) on the local computer, and are prohibited from communicating with other computers across a network. See Also: HTML, Java, Network Archie: An early Internet search tool not used much since the advent of the Web Browser in 1994. It is an archive of filenames maintained at Internet FTP sites. See Also: Browser, Veronica ARPANet: (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) - The precursor to the Internet. It was developed in the late 60's by the US Department of Defense as an experiment in wide-area networking that would survive a nuclear war. See Also: Internet ASCII: (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) - The world-wide standard of code numbers used by computers to represent all the upper- and lower-case Latin letters, numbers, and punctuation. There are 128 standard ASCII codes, each of which can be represented by a 7-digit binary number, 0000000 through 1111111. See Also: Binhex AU: A common audio file format for UNIX systems (.au). AVI: (Audio/Video Interleaved) - A common video file format (.avi). Video quality can be good at smaller resolutions, but files tend to be large. B Page Top

Backbone: A high-speed line, or series of connections, that forms a major pathway within a network. This term is relative, as a backbone in a small network may be much smaller than non-backbone lines in a large network. See Also: Network Bandwidth: The transmission capacity of the lines that carry the Internet's electronic traffic. The greater the bandwidth, the more data that can be moved at one time. Lack of bandwidth can impose severe limitations on the ability of the Internet to quickly deliver information. See Also: Bps, Bit Baud: The baud rate of a modem is how many bits it can send or receive per second. See Also: Bit, Modem BBS: (Bulletin Board System) - An online meeting and information system that allows people to carry on discussions, make announcements and transfer files. There are thousands of BBS's around the world, varying in size from those running on a single machine with only 1 or 2 phone lines, to massive networks such as Compve. Binhex: (BINary HEXadecimal) - A method for converting non-text files into ASCII files. This is required because Internet email can only handle ASCII files. See Also: ASCII, MIME, UUENCODE Bit: (Binary DigIT) - A bit is the smallest unit of computerized data, comprised of either a 0 (off) or a 1 (on). Bandwidth is usually measured in bits-per-second. See Also: Bandwidth, Bps, Byte BITNET: ('Because It's Time NETwork' or 'Because It's There NETwork') - A network of educational sites separate from the Internet. Listserv, the most popular form of email discussion groups, originated on BITNET. Bps: (Bits per second) - A measurement of how fast data is moved from one place to another. A 28.8 modem can move data at 28,800 bits per second. See Also: Bandwidth, Bit, Modem Bookmark: A pointer to a Web site of interest. Within browsers, pages can be "bookmarked" for quick reference, rather than ing and typing the complete URL in the address bar. See Also: Internet Explorer, Mosaic, Netscape Browser: A software program that is used to view websites and other Internet resources on the WWW. See Also: Internet, Internet Explorer, Mosaic, Netscape, Home Page (or Homepage), URL, WWW BTW: (By The Way) - A shorthand term appended to a comment in an online forum or email. See Also: IMHO, RTFM Byte: A set of bits that represent a single character. There are usually 8 bits in a byte. See Also: Bit, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte C Page Top Cache: A section of memory or the Hard Drive where data can be stored for rapid or frequent access. Certificate Authority: An issuer of Security Certificates used in SSL connections. See Also: Security Certificate, SSL CGI: (Common Gateway Interface) - A programming language used to convert data gathered from a web page into another form. A CGI program might turn the content of a form into an email message, or search a server's database with -entered keywords. See Also: cgi-bin, Email, WWW cgi-bin: The most common directory to store CGI programs on a web server. The "bin" part of "cgi-bin" is an abbreviation of "binary", dating back to when programs were referred to as "binaries". See Also: CGI, Server, WWW ClariNet: A commercial news service dedicated to a wide range of topics that provides tailored news reports via the Internet. You can access ClariNet news within Usenet newsgroups. See Also: Usenet Client / Server: Computer technology that separates computers and their s into two categories. When you want information from a computer on the Internet, you are a client. The computer that delivers the information is the server. A server both stores information and makes it available to any authorized client who requests the information. See Also: Server Cookie: A piece of information ( names, s, online "shopping cart" items, preferences, etc.) sent by a web server to a web browser and saved to the computer. These "cookies" can then be used at a later date to restore the information when the web server is accessed again. Cookies are usually set to expire after a predetermined amount of time. See Also: Browser, , , Server Compression: Data files available for and are often compressed in order to save space and reduce transfer times. Typical file extensions for compressed files include .zip (DOS/Windows) and .tar (UNIX). See Also: , PKZIP, Cyberspace: This term was coined by author William Gibson in his novel Neuromancer. Cyberspace is currently used to describe the whole range of information available through computer networks. See Also: Internet D Page Top

Dial-In: An Internet that connects a PC directly to the Internet. These s use a software application to connect to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and establish a T/IP link to the Internet. To access a dial-in connection, a PC needs either a modem to connect via a regular phone line or a terminal adapter (TA) to connect via an ISDN phone line. See Also: Internet, ISDN, Modem, T/IP Discussion Group: A section within USENET dedicated to a particular topic or interest. Discussion groups are also known as newsgroups. See Also: Newsgroup, USENET DNS: (Domain Name Server) - A computer running a program that converts domain names into IP addresses and vice versa. Domain Name Servers (also known as Name Servers) are the backbone of the Internet. See Also: Domain Name, IP Number, Server Domain Control : A access section of our site that Domain Registrants and Partners use to make domain modifications, receive proprietary scripting code, and use our management system. Each 's content is different and will depend on your status in relation to Registrars.com. Domain Name: A unique name that identifies an Internet site. A domain name is the Internet's way of translating a numeric IP address into an easy-to- combination of words and numbers. A given machine may have more than one domain name, but a given domain name points to only one machine. For example, the domain names "example.com", "mail.example.com" and "sales.example.com" can all refer to the same machine, but each domain name can refer to no more than one machine. See Also: IP Number : The process of transferring data from a remote computer to a local computer. When you copy a file from a computer on the Internet to your computer, you are "ing" that file. See Also: E Page Top Ethernet: The common method of networking computers in a LAN, or Local Area Network. An Ethernet connection will handle about 10,000,000 bits per second. See Also: Bandwidth, Bps, LAN Email: (Electronic Mail) - Messages sent from one person to another via the Internet. Email can also be sent to a large number of addresses at once through a Mailing List. See Also: Internet, List Server, Mailing List F Page Top FAQ: (Frequently Asked Questions) - An FAQ is a document that lists and answers the most common questions on a particular subject. It is considered good netiquette (the Internet's code of conduct) to check for FAQs and read them. See Also: Netiquette, RTFM Finger: An Internet tool for locating people on other sites. Finger can also be used to give access to non-personal information, but the most common use is to see if a person has an at a particular site. The most famous finger site was a Coke machine at Carnegie-Mellon University that students had wired to the Internet. They could then finger the machine and find out how many bottles remained and how long they had been in the machine so they wouldn't walk all the way there and find an empty machine or warm soda. Firewall: A combination of hardware and software that separates a LAN into two or more parts for security purposes. A firewall is commonly used to separate a network from the Internet. See Also: LAN, Network Flame: Originally, to "flame" meant to debate in a ionate manner, often involving the use of flowery language. More recently, flame has come to refer to any kind of derogatory or inflammatory comment, no matter how witless or crude. See Also: Flame War, Netiquette Flame War: When an online discussion degenerates into a series of personal attacks against the debaters, rather than a discussion of their positions, it is referred to as a flame war. See Also: Flame, Trolling FQDN: (Fully Qualified Domain Name) - The official name assigned to an individual computer. Organizations names, such as "example.com", then assign unique names to their computers, such as "mail.example.com". See Also: Domain Name Freeware: Software that is available for and unlimited use without charge. See Also: , Shareware FTP: (File Transfer Protocol) - A common method of moving files between two Internet sites. Most FTP sites require a name and before files can be retrieved or sent. See Also: Anonymous FTP, , G Page Top Gateway: Hardware or software set up to translate between two different protocols. For example, Prodigy has a gateway that translates between its internal email format and Internet email format. Another definition of gateway is any mechanism for providing access to another system. For example, AOL might be called a gateway to the Internet.

GIF: (Graphics Interchange Format) - A graphics file format commonly used on the Internet to provide images on Web pages. GIF images are 8-bit (256-color) graphics. See Also: JPG, TIFF Gigabyte: A thousand (technically 2^10 or 1024) Megabytes. See Also: Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Terabyte Gopher: A searching tool that was once the primary tool for finding information on the Internet before the WWW became popular. Gopher is now buried under massive amounts of WWW pages. See Also: Client, Hypertext, Server, WWW H Page Top Helper Application: A program allowing you to view multimedia files (images, audio, video) that your web browser cannot handle internally. The file must be ed before it will be displayed. There are some plug-ins that allow you to view the file over the Internet without ing it first. See Also: Browser, Plug-in Hit: A "hit" is a single request from a web browser for a single item from a web server. For example, a page displaying 3 graphics would require 4 hits: one for the HTML document, and one for each of the 3 graphics. "Hits" are often used as a rough measure of load on a server; however, because each hit can represent a request for anything from a tiny document to a complex search request, the actual load on a machine from a single hit is impossible to define. Home Page (or Homepage): Originally, a home page was the web page that your browser is set to use when it starts up. The more common definition refers to the main web page for any business or personal site. See Also: Browser, WWW Host: Any computer on a network that is a repository for services available to other computers on the network. It is common to have one host machine provide several services, such as WWW and USENET. See Also: Node, Network HTML: (HyperText Markup Language) - The language used to build hypertext documents on the WWW. They are nothing more than plain ASCII-text documents interpreted (or rendered) by a web browser to display formatted text and fonts, color, graphic images, and links. See Also: Browser, Internet Explorer, Mosaic, Netscape, WWW HTTP: (HyperText Transfer Protocol) - The protocol for moving hypertext (HTML) files across the Internet. This requires a HTTP client program on one end and a HTTP server program on the other end. HTTP is the most important protocol used on the WWW. See Also: Client, Server, WWW Hypertext: Text in a document that contains a link to other text. Hypertext is used in Windows help programs and CD encyclopedias as well as web pages to link and reference related information across documents. I Page Top IMHO: (In My Humble Opinion) - A shorthand term appended to a comment in an online forum or email. IMHO indicates that the writer is aware that they are expressing a debatable or dissenting view. See Also: BTW, RTFM Information Superhighway: There is some debate about this term. Some claim it refers to the future, where everyone will have fast, easy access to the Internet and things such as video conferencing will be widely available. Others claim that the Internet as we already know it is the Information Superhighway. Internet: The vast collection of inter-connected networks that evolved from the ARPANET of the late 60's and early 70's. See also: ARPANET, internet, Network Internet Explorer: A web browser developed by Microsoft Corporation to compete with Netscape. See Also: browser, Mosaic, Netscape internet: (Lower case I) An internet is created any time 2 or more networks are connected together. See Also: Internet, Network Intranet: A network inside a company or organization that uses the same kinds of software found on the Internet, but is only for internal use. A company web server available only to employees would be an Intranet. See Also: Internet, internet, Network IP Number: (Internet Protocol Number) - A unique number consisting of 4 parts separated by dots. 123.45.678.9 could be an IP number. Every machine that is on the Internet has a unique IP number. Most machines also have one or more domain names that are easier for people to . See Also: DNS, Domain Name, Internet, T/IP IRC: (Internet Relay Chat) - A large multi- live chat facility. There are a number of major IRC servers around the world that are linked to each other. Anyone connected to IRC can create a channel or chat room, and all others in the channel see everything that everyone types. See Also: Mailing List ISDN: (Integrated Services Digital Network) - A high-speed way to move data over existing phone lines. In theory, it can provide speeds of roughly 128,000 bits-per-second; in practice, most people will be limited to 56,000 or 64,000 bits-persecond. ISOC: (Internet SOCiety) - Based in Herndon, Virginia, the Internet Society promotes the Internet and coordinates standards. You can visit their site (http://www.isoc.org/) to learn more or become a member.

ISP: (Internet Service Provider) - A business that provides access to the Internet and WWW in some form, usually for pay. See Also: Internet, WWW J Page Top Java: A network-oriented programming language invented by Sun Microsystems specifically designed for creating programs that can be ed to your computer from a web page and immediately run. Using small Java programs ("applets"), Web pages can include features such as animations, calculators and other fancy or interactive tricks. See Also: Applet JDK: (Java Development Kit) - A software development package from Sun Microsystems containing the basic tools needed to write, test, and debug Java applications and applets. See Also: Applet, Java JPG: (t Photographic Experts Group) - The name of the committee that designed the photographic imagecompression standard. The format (.jpg) is optimized for compressing full-color or grayscale photographic images, and does not work well for line drawings or black-and-white images. JPG images are 24-bit (16.7 million color) graphics. See Also: GIF, TIFF K Page Top Kilobyte: A thousand (technically, 2^10 or 1024) bytes. See Also: Bit, Byte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte L Page Top LAN: (Local Area Network) - A computer network restricted to a limited area, usually the same building or a floor of a building. Office computers are typically connected to a LAN. See Also: Ethernet, Network Leased-line: Refers to a telephone line that is rented for an exclusive 24-hour, 7-days-a-week connection from your location to the Internet. The highest speed data connections require a leased line. See Also: T-1, T-3 List server: The most common kind of mailing list. List servers originated on BITNET, but are now common on the Internet. See Also: BITNET, Email, Mailing List : The - or -name used to gain access to a computer system. Also, the act of entering or "g on" to a computer system. See Also: Lurking: To read through mailing lists or newsgroups and get a feel of the topic before posting your own messages. It is considered good netiquette to "lurk" a while before ing an online discussion. See Also: Netiquette, Netizen, Spam, Trolling M Page Top Mailing List: An email-based discussion group. Sending one email message to the mailing list sends email to all other of the group. Mailing lists are usually ed by subscribing, and can be left by unsubscribing. See Also: Email Masking: To conceal a web site's URL in some manner, normally by using a domain name. For example, if a URL shows up as "http://www.example.com/" but the web site is actually located at "http://www.somewhere-else.com/example/", that URL is said to be "masked". See Also: Domain Name, URL Megabyte: A million bytes or a thousand (technically 2^10 or 1024) kilobytes. See Also: Bit, Byte, Gigabyte, Kilobyte, Terabyte MIDI: (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) - A high-quality audio file format (.mid). See Also: QuickTime MIME: (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) - The Internet standard for attaching non-text files to standard email messages. Non-text files can include graphics, spreadsheets, word-processor documents, sound files, etc. An email program is said to be "MIME Compliant" if it can both send and receive files using the MIME standard. See Also: Binhex, Browser, Email, UUENCODE Mirror: To "mirror" something is to maintain an exact copy of it. The most common use of the term on the Internet refers to "mirror sites" which are FTP or web sites that maintain exact copies of material originally stored at another location. Another common use of the term "mirror" refers to writing information to more than one hard disk simultaneously to prevent its loss or destruction. See Also: FTP, WWW Modem: (MOdulator, DEModulator) - An electronic device that lets computers communicate with one another, much as telephones work with people. The name is derived from "modulator-demodulator" because of their function in processing data over analog phone lines. Terminal Adapters are often (and mistakenly) referred to as modems. See Also: Terminal Adapter Mosaic: The first web browser that was available for Macintosh, Windows and UNIX machines with the same interface for each. The popularity of the WWW began with Mosaic. See Also: Browser, NCSA, Netscape, Internet Explorer, WWW

MPEG: (Motion Picture Experts Group) - A video file format (.mpeg) offering excellent quality in a comparatively small size. Video files found on the Internet are frequently stored in the MPEG format. See Also: Compression Multimedia: A combination of media types in a single document, such as text, graphics, audio and video. MX Records: MX Records are required to be able to send email to domain names ([email protected]). There are other methods for forwarding messages from a domain to a mail server, but MX Records are the preferred method. See Also: Domain Name, Email N Page Top NCSA: (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) - One of the five original centers in the Supercomputer Centers Program and a unit of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was founded in 1986, and is responsible for developing Mosaic, the web browser responsible for launching the multibillion dollar dot-com explosion. See Also: Browser, Mosaic Netiquette: The desired mode of manners and conduct for the Internet. See Also: Flame, Netizen, Spam, Trolling Netizen: A term referring to a citizen of the Internet, or someone who uses networked resources. The term connotes civic responsibility and participation. See Also: Netiquette, Internet, Spam, Trolling Netscape: A web browser created by Netscape Communications Corporation. The Netscape browser was originally based on the Mosaic program developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). It provided major improvements in speed and interface over other browsers, but also engendered debate by being the first to create browser-specific elements for HTML. See Also: Browser, Mosaic, Internet Explorer, Server, WWW Network: A network is created any time 2 or more computers are connected together to share resources. When 2 or more networks are connected, it becomes an internet. See Also: Internet, internet, Intranet Newsgroup: The name for a discussion group on USENET. See Also: USENET NIC(1): (Networked Information Center) - (Networked Information Center) - Any office that handles information for a network can be referred to as an NIC. The most famous of these is the InterNIC, the original ofice of domain registration . Another definition of NIC is Network Interface Card, which plugs into a computer and adapts the network interface to the appropriate standard. See Also: Domain Names, Network NIC(2) (Network Information Center) - a unique ID Code issued by Registrars.com to identify persons associated with a domain name. There can be up to 3 NIC handles per domain, referred to as ' / TECH / BILL', each having its own area of responsibility. See Also: Domain Names NNTP: (Network News Transfer Protocol) - The protocol used by client and server software to move a USENET posting over a T/IP network. Most common web browsers use an NNTP connection to participate in newsgroups. See Also: Browser, Newsgroups, T/IP, USENET Node: Any single computer connected to a network. See Also: Internet, internet, Intranet, Network O Page Top OC-3 and OC-12: High-speed data links capable of transferring data at 155 and 622 Megabits-per-second respectively. OC-3’s and OC-12’s are replacing T-3’s as the backbones of the Internet. See Also: Backbone, bps, Internet, T-3 Online: When someone is connected to the Internet, they are considered "online". See Also: Internet P Page Top Packet: A chunk of data. The T/IP protocol breaks large data files into smaller "packets" for transmission over the Internet. When the data reaches its destination, the protocol makes sure that all packets arrived without error. See Also: T/IP Packet Switching: A method of moving data around the Internet that allows many people to use the same lines at the same time. In packet switching, all data being transferred from a machine is broken into packets, with each packet having the address of its origin and destination. This enables packets from different sources to be simultaneously transferred, sorted and directed on the same line. See Also: Internet, Packet : A code used to gain access to a locked system. Effective s should contain both letters and nonletters and not be common or easily guessed words. See Also: Ping: A program for determining if another computer is presently connected to the Internet.

Pixel: Shorthand for "picture element", a pixel is the smallest unit of resolution on a monitor. It is commonly used as a unit of measurement. PKZIP: A widely available shareware utility that allows s to compress and decompress data files. See Also: Compression Plug-in: A small piece of software that adds features to a larger software application. Common plug-ins are those for web browsers (RealAudio, QuickTime, etc.) or graphics programs (Kai's Power Tools, DigiMarc, etc.) See Also: Browser POP: ("Point Of Presence" or "Post Office Protocol") - A Point of Presence usually refers to a city or location where a network can be connected to. For example, if an Internet company says they have a POP in Vancouver, this means they have a local telephone number in Vancouver and/or a place where leased lines can connect to their network. A second definition, Post Office Protocol, refers to the way email software (such as Eudora) retrieves mail from a mail server. Almost all SLIP, PPP or shell s come with a POP as well. See Also: SLIP, PPP, Leased-Line Port: (3 definitions) - First and most frequently, a port is where information goes into and/or out of a computer, such as the serial port on a PC. Secondly, a "port" often refers to the number appearing after the colon (:) in a domain name, such as http://www.example.com:7000/. Thirdly, to "port" something refers to translating a piece of software from one computer platform to another (for example, from Windows to Macintosh). See Also: Domain Name, URL Posting: A single message entered into a newsgroup, mailing list, or other communications system. See Also: Newsgroup, Mailing List, Thread, USENET PPP: (Point to Point Protocol) - The protocol that allows a computer to use a phone line and a modem to make T/IP connections and connect to the Internet. See Also: IP Number, Internet, SLIP, T/IP Protocol: Computer rules that provide uniform specifications so that all computer hardware and operating systems can communicate with each other. PSTN: (Public Switched Telephone Network) - The regular telephone system. Q Page Top QuickTime: A common video file format created by Apple Computers. Video files found on the Internet are often stored in this format, and require a browser plug-in to be viewed (.mov). See Also: Midi, Plug-Ins R Page Top : To pay a software company for a product to receive the full working copy. Registration is most often required for shareware programs, which may be partially disabled or contain "nags" until ed. See Also: Shareware RFC: (Request For Comments) - The process for creating a standard on the Internet and the name of the result. New standards are proposed and published online, as a Request For Comments. Any new standards that are established retain the acronym RFC. For example, the official standard for email is RFC 822. See Also: Email, Internet Robot: A program that automatically searches the WWW for files and catalogues the results. See Also: WWW Router: A computer or software package that handles the connection between 2 or more networks. Routers spend all their time looking at the destination addresses of the packets ing through them to decide which route to send them on. See Also: Network, Packet, Packet Switching RTFM: (Read The F***ing Manual) - A commonly used abbreviation in online forums and email, in response to foolish questions or questions already answered in the FAQ. A repository of FAQs can be found at http://rtfm.mit.edu/. See Also: FAQ S Page Top Search Engine: A tool for locating information on the Internet by topic. Popular search engines include Google, Yahoo, AltaVista, and HotBot. Security Certificate: Information that is used by the SSL protocol to establish a secure connection. Security Certificates contain information about its ownership, issuer, valid dates, and an encrypted "fingerprint" that can be used to the contents of the certificate. In order for an SSL connection to be created, both sides must have a valid Security Certificate. See Also: SSL, Protocol, Certificate Authority Server / Client: A computer or software package that provides a specific kind of service to client software on other computers. The term can refer to a particular piece of software (such as a WWW server) or to the machine that the software is running on (such as a mail server). A single server machine may have several different server software packages running on it. See Also: Client, Network, WWW Shareware: Software that is available on a limited free trial basis. Some shareware applications are fully featured products, while others may have disabled features to encourage purchase of the full ("ed") version. See also: Freeware,

Shell : A software application that allows use of another machines' Internet connection. s do not have a direct Internet connection; instead, an Internet connection is made through a host computer's connection. Signature File: An ASCII text file containing the text for someone's signature. Most email programs will automatically attach a signature file to all messages sent, eliminating the need to repeatedly type a closing. See Also: ASCII, Email Site: A single web page or a collection of related Web pages. SLIP: (Serial Line Internet Protocol) - A standard for using a telephone line (or serial line) and a modem to connect a computer to the Internet. SLIP is gradually being replaced by PPP. See Also: Internet, PPP SMTP: (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) - The main protocol used to send email on the Internet. STMP consists of a set of rules for how the sending and receiving programs should interact. See Also: Client, Server SNMP: (Simple Network Management Protocol) - A set of standards for communicating with devices connected to a T/IP network, such as routers, hubs, and switches. Software for managing devices via SNMP is available for every kind of commonly used computer and is often bundled along with the device they are designed to manage. See Also: Network, Router, T/IP SRS: (Shared Registry Server) - The central system for all accredited registrars to access and /control domain names. See Also: Domain Names Spam (or Spamming): To send a message or ment to a large number of people who did not request the information, or to repeatedly send the same message to a single person. "Spamming" is considered very poor Netiquette. CAUCE (The Coalition Against Unsolicited Commercial Email) is an organization dedicated to removing spam from the Internet. See Also: Netiquette, Netizen, Trolling SQL: (Structured Query Language) - A specialized programming language for sending queries to databases. Each application will have its own version of SQL-implementing features unique to that application, but all SQL-capable databases will a common subset of SQL. SSL: (Secure Sockets Layer) - A protocol designed by Netscape Communications to enable encrypted, authenticated communication across the Internet. SSL is used mostly, but not exclusively, in communications between web browsers and web servers. A URL that begins with "https" instead of "http" indicates an SSL connection will be used. See Also: Browser, Server, Security Certificate, URL Subscribe: To become a member of a mailing list, newsgroup, or other online service. See Also: Mailing List, Newsgroup Sysop: (SYStem OPerator) - Someone responsible for the physical operations of a computer system or network. A System (or Sys) decides how often system maintenance should be performed, and the Sysop performs those tasks. See Also: Network T Page Top TAR: (Tape ARchive) - A compression format commonly used in the transfer and storage of files on UNIX computers (.tar). See Also: Compression, PKZIP, ZIP T-1: A leased-line connection capable of transferring data at 1,544,000 bps. At maximum capacity, a T-1 line could move a megabyte in less than 10 seconds. See Also: Bandwidth, Bit, bps, Byte, Ethernet, Leased-line, T-3 T-3: A leased-line connection capable of transferring data at 44,736,000 bps. This is fast enough to view full-screen, fullmotion video, which requires a transfer rate of at least 10,000,000 bits-per-second. See Also: Bandwidth, Bit, bps, Byte, Ethernet, Leased-line, T-1 T/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) - This is the suite of protocols that defines the Internet. Originally designed for the UNIX operating system, T/IP software is not available for every major computer operating system. To connect to the Internet, a computer must have T/IP software. See Also: IP Number, Internet, Protocol, UNIX Telnet: An Internet protocol allowing a PC to connect to a host computer and use that computer as if you were locally connected. This often provides the ability to use all the software and capabilities of the host computer. See Also: Host Terabyte: A thousand (technically 2^10 or 1024) Gigabytes. See Also: Bit, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte Terminal Adapter: An electronic device that interfaces a PC with a host computer via an ISDN phone line. They are often called "ISDN modems"; however, because they are digital, Terminal Adapters are not modems at all. See Also: Modem Terminal Server: A special-purpose computer with places to plug in several modems on one side, and a connection to a LAN or host machine on the other side. The terminal server does the work of ing connections on to the appropriate node. Most terminal servers can provide PPP or SLIP services if connected to the Internet. See Also: Host, LAN, Modem, Node, PPP, SLIP

Thread: An ongoing message-based conversation on a single subject. See Also: Mailing List, Newsgroup, Posting TIFF: (Tag Image File Format) - A popular graphic image file format (.tif). See Also: GIF, JPG Trolling: The act of deliberately posting false or inflammatory information in order to start a flame war or cause aggravation to others. See Also: Flame, Flame War, Netiquette, Spam U Page Top UNIX: The most common operating system for servers on the Internet. UNIX systems are designed to be used by many people at the same time and have T/IP built in. See Also: Server, T/IP : The process of transferring data from a local computer to a remote computer. When you copy a file from your computer to a computer on the Internet, you are "ing" that file. See Also: URL: (Uniform Resource Locator) - The standard method of giving the address for any resource on the WWW. A URL might look like this: http://www.example.com/examples.html. The most common use of a URL is to enter it in a web browser to access that page on the Internet. See Also: Browser, HTTP, WWW USENET: A distributed bulletin board system that runs on news servers, UNIX hosts, online services and bulletin board systems. Collectively, USENET is made up of all the s who post to and read newsgroup articles. The USENET is the largest decentralized information utility available today. See Also: Newsgroup, Posting, Thread UUENCODE: (Unix to Unix Encoding) - A method for converting files from Binary format to ASCII text so that they can be sent across the Internet via email. See Also: ASCII, Binhex, MIME V Page Top Veronica: (Very Easy Rodent Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives) - Developed at the University of Nevada, Veronica is a constantly updated database of the names of almost every menu item on thousands of gopher servers. See Also: Archie, Gopher W Page Top WAIS: (Wide Area Information Servers) - A commercial software package that allows the indexing of huge quantities of information, then makes those indices searchable across networks and the Internet. A prominent feature of WAIS is the ranking (scoring) of the search results, according to how relevant the hits are. See Also: Search Engine WAN: (Wide Area Network) - Any internet or network that covers an area larger than a single building or campus. See Also: Internet, internet, LAN, Network WAV: (Waveform Audio) - A common audio file format for DOS and Windows computers (.wav). WINSOCK: A Microsoft Windows DLL file that provides the interface to T/IP services and allows Windows to use web browsers, FTP programs, and other Internet-related programs. See Also: Browser, FTP, Internet, T/IP WWW: (World Wide Web) - The technical definition of the WWW is the global network of hypertext (HTTP) servers that allow text, graphics, audio and video files to be mixed together. The second, more loosely used definition is the entire range of resources that can be accessed using Gopher, FTP, HTTP, telnet, USENET, WAIS, and other such tools.