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ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF WATER HYACINTH (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) ON

An Investigatory Project of Small World Christian School Foundation Baguio City, Philippines

Submitted By: Hernandez, Gabriel C. Reyes, Sechariah Victor P. Suriaga, Sofia T. Submitted To: Mr. Johnson Aquicio Date Submitted: July 23, 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...........................................................................1 a. Statement of the problem b. Conceptual Framework c. Statement of the Problem d. Scope and Limitation e. Significance of the Study f. Definition of

I Introduction A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Echhornia crasspies, common name Water hyacinth, is an aquatic plant that was discovered in 1823 by C. von Martius, a German naturalist. It was named before as Pontederia crassipes. After many years, Solms classified it in the Echhornia family. The Water Hyacinth is an invasive plant and has fast growth rate. It competes with other aquatic plants.

Herbicides could have a good or bad effect. The good effect of these herbicides is to control the growth of some plants that can cause harm to the environment or are unwanted. The bad side of these herbicides is that they are chemicals. These chemicals can harm the marine life.

Allelopathy is the use of plants with allelopathic effeccts to kill or stop the growth of another plant. It is the new phenomenon where a plant suppresses the other plant. It can affect its growth, reproduction and survival.

B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS Water hyacinth Fresh water

Extraction Planting of

C. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1. Will water hyacinth inhibit the growth of

OUTPUT Inhibition of growth of

2. Is there a significant difference between the: a. Negative and Experimental Set-up b. Negative and Positive Set-up c. Positive and Experimental Set-up D. HYPOTHESIS 1. Ha: The water hyacinth will inhibit the growth of water lilies. Ho: The water hyacinth will not inhibit the growth of water lilies. 2. a. Ha: There is a signficant difference between the Negative control and the Experimental Set-up. Ho: There is no significant difference between the Negative control and the Experimental Set-up. b. Ha: There is a significant difference between the Negative control and Positive control. Ho: There is no significant difference between the Negative control and

Positive control. c. Ha: There is a significant difference between the Experimental Set-up and Positive Control. Ho: There is no significant difference between the Experimental Set-up and the Positive Control.

E. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of the study about the allelopathic effects of water hyacinth on is to help the decrease the use of herbicides to kill the overgrowth of that can cause harm to the . This study also aims to discover the effects for the benefit of society to use natural allelopathic plants rather than herbcides. Lastly, this study would also like to help other researchers that has a similar study on plant allelopathy. F. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The study only had one laboratory test which is the Ethanolic Extaction of the Water Hyacinth. G. DEFINITION OF

1.Allelopathic- a harmul or benificial characteristic of some plants that can affect the growth, survival and reproduction of a plant. 2.Herbicides- a chemical substance that is used to destroy vegetation. 3.Allelochemicals- subset of secondary metabolites that are present in allelopathic plants.

II Review of Related Literature and Studies Review of Related Literature:

Water Hyacinth According to a article by Hisashi Kato-Noguchi,Mayumi Moriyasu, Osamu Ohno, Kiyotake Suenaga, Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the most noxious invasive aquatic plants in many countries due to its rapid growth and reproduction rate. Most practical methods to control water hyacinth are mechanical removal of the plants, and chemical and biological controls with large expense for those treatments. For recovery of control costs, beneficial use options for water hyacinth after mechanical removal would be helpful. Therefore, we investigated possible allelopathic effects of extracts and isolated allelopathic substances in water hyacinth. An aqueous methanol extract of water hyacinth inhibited the growth of roots and shoots of cress (Lepidium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pratense) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). Increasing extract concentration increased the inhibition. These results suggest that water hyacinth may cause allelopathic effects and contain allelopathically active substances. The extract was then purified by several choromatographic runs with monitoring the inhibitory activity during all purification steps, and a main allelopathically active substance was isolated. The chemical structure of the substance was determined by spectral data as loliolide. Loliolide inhibited the growth of cress and ryegrass at concentrations greater than 3 and 10 μM. The concentrations required for 50% inhibition of the root and shoot growth ranged from 12.7–27.5 to 27.5–49.7 μM for cress and

ryegrass, respectively. These results suggest that loliolide may be an allelopantic substance and contribute to the growth inhibitory effect of water hyacinth. A water extract of water hyacinth also inhibited all test plant species extract-concentration dependently and contained loliolide. In addition, powder of water hyacinth inhibited germination of barnyard grass in the greenhouse condition with powderconcentration dependently. Therefore, water hyacinth may potentially be useful as soil additive materials to control weeds in the sustainable agriculture. Review of Related Studies: Water Hyacinth In a journal of Thamaraiselvi, P. Lalitha and P. Jayanthi, they had studied about the phytocheicals and antimicrobial activity of water hyacinth. In their research, they had found out that the ethanol extract of the fresh leave and shoot of water hyacinth contained alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, terpenoids, anthroquinone, proteins, and phenols.

Table 1 Phytochemicals

Ethanol Extract

Alkaloids (Wagner's test)

Positive

Flavonoids (Lead Acetate test) (H2SO4 test)

Positive Positive

Sterols (H2SO4 test) (Liebermann-Burchard test)

Positive Positive

Terpenoids (Chloroform test) (Liebermann-Burchard test)

Positive Positive

Anthroquinone (Borntrager's test)

Positive

Anthocyanins (NaOH test)

Negative

Proteins (Ninhydrin(acetone)test)

Positive

Phenols (Ferric chloride test) (Libermann's test)

Positive Positive

Quinones (HCl test)

Negative

Carbohydrates (Molisch test) (Fehling's test)

Negative Negative

Saponin

Negative

Tannin

Negative

Allelopathy The term allelopathy was first coined by Molisch in 1937. In general, the term allelopathy refers to the detrimental effects of higher plants of one species (the donor) on the germination, growth, or development of another species (the recipient) (Putnam 1985). Specifically, allelopathy refers to the biochemical

interactions that take place among plants, but its effectiveness depends on the addition of a chemical to the environment (Sutton 1986a). Rice (1974) provided us with a more functional definition as being any direct or indirect harmful effect by one plant (including microorganisms) on another through production of chemical compounds that escape into the environment. Similarly, Parker (1984) defined allelopathy as the harmful effect of one plant or microorganism on another because of the release of secondary metabolic products into the environment. (Jones, 1995) The term allelopathy, originated from the Greek word `allelon' meaning `each other' and `pathos' meaning `suffering' and was coined by plant physiologist, Hans Molisch, University of Vienna, Austria. `Pathos' also means `feeling', or `sensitive' and could therefore be used to describe both positive (sympathetic) and negative (pathetic) interactions (Gross, 1999). Chemicals that impose allelopathic influences are called allelochemicals or allelochemics. In a review of the potential use of allelochemicals as herbicides, Putnam (1988) listed 6 classes of allelochemicals

namely alkaloids,

benzoxazinones, cinnamic acid derivatives, cyanogenic compounds, ethylene and other seed germination stimulants, and flavonoids which had been isolated from over 30 families of terrestrial and aquatic plants. All these chemicals possess actual or potential phytotoxicity. According to Rice (1984) tens of thousands of secondary substances out of several hundreds of low molecular weight

compounds of primary metabolism are known today, but only a limited number has been recognized as allelochemicals. Rainfall causes the leaching of allelopathic substances from leaves which fall to the ground during period of stress; leading to inhibition of growth and germination of crop plants (Rice, 1974; Mann, 1987). Biodegradable natural plant products rarely contain halogenated atoms and possess structural diversity and complexity, constituting one such class of chemicals and these can act directly as herbicides or may provide lead structures for herbicidal discovery (Duke et al., 2000). Selection of allelopathic plants is a good and commonly used approach for identification of plants with biologically active natural products (Duke et al., 2000). The common allelochemicals are phenolics, terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, flavanoids, steroids, and quinones. (Einhellig and Leather, 1988)

III Methodology I. Collection of Water Hyacinth a. Data Gathering Procedure The Water hyacinth was bought in Baguio Orchidarium and was identified in the University of the Philippines. II. Collection of b. Data Gathering Procedure

III. a. Data Gathering Tools

b. Data Gathering Procedure

IV. Extraction of Water Hyacinth The Water Hyacinth was brought to SLU-NSRU for

extraction. The part to be extracted in the water hyacinth were the leaves. First, they would cut the leaves in to small pieces then they would submerge it to a beaker filled with 1 Liter 95% ethanolic extract for 2 to 3 days. V. Seed