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Many are used in gymnastics that can be confusing to those not involved in the sport, or who have only been involved in the sport for a short time or even those involved in the sport from a different region. The following is a clarification on the meaning of these on this site. If you find a term on the site that you'd like clarification on please use the form at the bottom of this page and it will be added to the list shortly. Please do not ask for clarifications on skill names. The scope of this list is to clarify global , body positions, jargon, etc. Definitions
All Around: Refers to a gymnast that competes all of their gender specific events. For men this is the 6 events, and for women the 4 events described below. A specialist, in contrast, only competes a sub-set of the events. Amplitude: In gymnastics this term means height or spectacular excecution of a particular skill. When a gymnast performs a skill bigger than other gymnasts typically perform the same skill it is said to have a lot of amplitude. At various times the code has given bonus for amplitude. Block: The term "block" in gymnastics is typically used to describe a rapid rebounding off of the floor or aparatus with the arms. The block comes from the shoulders exploding towards extension. Counter Turn: Counter turn is most often used to describe the turning of the hips against the direction of a double leg circle. When a gymnast is in the 12:00 position (legs straight in front of them) their hips should be turned in the opposite direction of their circle. Eg for a clockwise circle their right hip will be higher than their left. This enables the gymnast to extend and drive their heels for the completion of the circle. It enables a much stronger circle, and allows for spindles to be performed dynamically. Dismount: The term used for the last skill in the routine. For most events the method used to get off of the event. This skill is required to be at most one skill value below the hardest skill in the routine. eg. if there is a D value skill in the routine, the dismount must be of at least C value. Events: The 4 women's events in gymnastcs are Floor, Uneven Bars, Beam, Vault. The 6 mens events are Floor, Pommel Horse, Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, High Bar. Extension/Flexion: Extension of a t is moving toward straightness. Flexion is the opposite. Eg total flexion of your knee is when your heels are in with your rear. In the case of the shoulders, extension is pushing your arm away from your torso rather as when doing a handstand and pushing your feet as high as possible. Flexibility: To have a wide range of motion in a t. An example of the types of fexibility required of gymnasts is to be able to do the splits, or place ones chin on ones knees without bending ones legs. Flip: Rotation about the transverse, or the horizontal axis. This axis runs left to right. When you are doing a forward roll you are rotating about the transferse axis. Grips: Grips are the leather straps that gymnasts wear to help keep a grip on the bars or rings. The purpose of grips is to help maintain a firm grip on the equipment. Though they do help, they do not revent rips. High bar grips are typically 3 finger with a small dowel. Ring grips are 2 finger, long and have a large dowel. Uneven bar grips are 2 finger and have a dowel smaller than rings, but larger than high bar. Parrallel bar grips exist, but are
rarely used.
Gymnastics: The definition of gymnastics is extreemly broad. As it pertains to this site the term gymnastics is generally referring to artistic gymnastics, or the competetive gymnastics utilizing the events defined above. There is room on this site for the discussion of rhythmic gymnastics, general gymnastics, sports acrobatics, etc. but the main focus is artistic gymnastics. Heel Drive: This is a term used quite often in gymnastics. A heel drive is kicking ones heels hard to carry the gymnasts legs in the direction of the gymnasts back. A proper handspring on vault requires a good heel drive to generate proper momentum and rotation. During a heel drive the gymnasts legs should be together and squeezed tight to maximize effectiveness. Hurdle: The transitional motion from a run to set up to perform a skill. This hurdle can be from one foot to two feet, or one foot to one foot, or in the case of a "jump hurdle" or "power hurdle" from two feet to one foot. In the case of floor setting up for a right roundoff, handspring or other kicking skill the hurdle is a skip on the left leg while stretching and bringing the right leg forward to prepare for the lunge. In the case of vault, or two foot take-off skill on floor the hurdle is a low jump from one foot to two feet bringing both feel forward to maximize conversion of forward momentum into height. In all cases a proper powerful hurdle is critical to the performance of many high level skills. Mixed Grip: Gripping with each each hand differently. eg one hand fingers facing away from you, other hand fingers facing you. Mount: This term is used to identify the first skill in a routine. Mount meaning to get on the apparatus. Gymnasts have found very inventive ways to get onto the equipment. Overgrip: Hanging onto the bar with your fingers facing away from you. Peel: Peeling off of an event is when you involuntarily let go. On uneven bars or high bar peeling is usually followed by a short uncontrolled flight. On rings peeling is usually followed by an almost immediate impact with the ground. Peeling is almost entirely preventable by proper hand and body positions, and equipment review (including grips). Pig: Another name for the pommel horse. Pipe: Another name for high bar. Pit: A pit is typically a hole in the ground filled with chunks of open celled foam. Though injury is still possible in a pit, the amount of give in a pit greatly reduces the risk. Pointed/Flexed Toes: Toe point is an important factor in gymnastics. When the toes and foot are pulled downward so that the line from the knee to the tip of the toes is essentially straight and their is no angle in the ankle. Flexed toes means the opposite. The toes are pulled upwards till the ankle forms a 90 degree angle. Punch: Bouncing off of the floor or apparatus rather than jumping. Jumping involves bending your legs and pushing, while "punching" involves anticipating the floor and springing off using both any spring in the floor as well as power in your legs. Rep/Set: Rep is short for repetition. When doing an exersize a rep is simply one cycle of the motion. A set is a collection of reps done without stopping. eg doing 20 pushups 5 at a time would be 4 sets of 5 reps. Rip: A "Rip" in gymnastics is when a flap of skin tears off of your hand when you are swinging an event. Rotation: Circular motion around an axis. A forward roll is a rotation, as is a twist.
Routine: A routine is a sequence of skills on an event. The number and difficulty of skills depends on the competition format, and skill level of the competetors. Salto: Another term for flip or roll. A rotation about the transverse axis. Set: A set is the initiation of most aerial skills. Eg. A set for a back tuck is when the gymnast leaves the floor stretching their arms towards the ceiling, lifting their chest, and spotting the wall in front of them. A set is often counterintuitive and therefore takes focus and determination to maximize its effectiveness. Specialist: A gymnast that competes selected events as opposed to competing All Around. A gymnast that competes only pommel horse would be referred to as a pommel horse specialist. This often, but not always, allows for a higher degree of competancy on the specialized event. Spotting: Spotting or to "spot" someone in gymnastics means to assist them in safely completing a skill. The amount of spot can range from simply tapping a leg to completely carrying the gymnast through the motion. A spot can be used to reduce risk of injury, or to ensure proper technique. Spotting can be done hands on, or with a spotting device such as a spotting belt. Spotting belt: A spotting belt is a belt that a gymnast wears that is attached to ropes or cables that are generally attached to pulleys connected to the ceiling or a tower. This device allows a coach to "catch" a gymnast when working multiple flipping or twisting skills in a situation when a hand spot would be unfeasable. Stick: To stick a landing is to land, and remain standing without requiring a step. A proper stick position is with legs bent, shoulders above hips, arms forward. Sticking consistantly takes regular practice. Tap: Typically a dynamic motion used to generate momentm. The term is most often used on swinging events to describe the kick used to generate the required speed and rotation for a skill. Tight: This term is used by coaches A LOT, but what does it really mean? A tight body position is not simply straight, or extended, but taught. The muscles involved in the extension are squeezed. Positions are held rigid so that different parts of the body can move together. Any flexing in the ts can reduce the effectiveness of certain motions. Much of a gymnasts strength training is to enable "tightness". Timer: A drill that simulates the feel of a skill, or the set for a skill without the risk of completing the skill. Eg. a 1 1/4 back to a stack of mats is a timer for a double back. Turnover: When turnover is mentioned in gymnastics it is referring to rotating the body along the axis through the hips perpedicular to line of sight with the head straight forward. For example aggressive turnover on the front swing on rings means to quickly drive your toes towards the ceiling, thus inverting your body and enabling your swing to travel upward. Twist: A rotation about the longitudinal, or vertical, axis. This is the axis that runst from your head to your feet. When you spin in a circle while standing you are "twisting". A right twist is defined as the right shoulder going backwards, the converse for a left twist. Undergrip: Hanging on a bar with your fingers facing you. What are the fractions?: The fractions are used in order to describe twist. A 1/1 twist is a 360 degree twist. a 3/2 twist is 1 1/2 twists or 540 degrees of twist.
Aerial: A manoeuvre where a gymnast completes a full rotation in the air without touching the apparatus. Amplitude: The height or degree of execution of a move. Arabesque: A pose on one leg with the other leg extended behind the body, which is lowered from the hips to form a graceful curve; often used in a balance or pivot. Arch position: A position where the body is curved backward. Assemblé: A common jump where the legs are brought together in the air. Back flip: A move that begins with taking off from one or two feet, then jumping backward onto the hands and landing on the feet. Back handspring: A move where a gymnast takes off from one or two feet, jumps backward onto the hands and lands on the feet; also known as a "flicflac" or "flip-flop". Back-in, full-out: A double salto with a full twist performed during the second salto. Balance: A static position which holds a distinct shape. Balance beam: A five-metre beam 10 centimetres wide and 1.2 metres above the floor, used for routines involving leaps, turns and tumbling moves. Body wave: A wave-like movement of the entire body ing through the hips, shoulders, arms and head. Boomerang throw: A throw of the ribbon where the cane is thrown but the gymnast grasps the end of the ribbon and pulls back on it, sending the cane flying towards her. Cabriole: A leap where one leg is raised to the front and the other leg is brought up swiftly underneath and beats against it before the gymnast lands on the foot used for take-off. Cartwheel: A sideways acrobatic roll with the arms and legs extended. Cat leap: A leap where a gymnast takes off from one foot, raising one knee and then the other. Chainé turn: A turn on the balls of the feet. Chassé: A movement of the feet which gives the impression of one foot chasing the other, often used as a lead-up to a leap. Circumduction: The act of moving the body, with or without apparatus, in a full circle with forward and backward flexion of the trunk and one hand leading the other to make a small circle in front of the body or a large circle around the body and overhead. Composition: The structure of a gymnastics routine. Compulsories: Pre-designed routines that contain specific movements required of all gymnasts. Cossack: A leap where both legs are horizontal with the floor, one leg straight, the other bent at the knee. Cross: A rings position where the arms are stretched fully and sideways, ing the body, which is held vertically. Degree of difficulty: A rating that measures the difficulty of specific moves and is factored into the total score after judges have scored the execution of the moves. Développé: The unfolding of a leg into an open position in the air. Dismount: To leave an apparatus at the end of a routine, usually done with a difficult twist or salto. Element: A single move that has a recognised way of performance and technical value. Execution: 1. The performance of a routine. 2. The form, style and technique used to complete the skills included in a routine. Flexion: Any movement of a t which brings connected body parts closer together. Flic-flac: A move where a gymnast takes off from one or two feet, jumps backward onto the hands and lands on the feet; also known as a "flip-flop" or "back handspring". Flip-flop: A move where a gymnast takes off from one or two feet, jumps backwards onto the hands and lands on the feet; also known as a "flic-flac" or "back handspring". Fouetté: A pivot involving a sharp turn of the body away from the extended leg and a swift inward action of the lower leg, reminiscent of cracking a whip. Frontal plane: An imaginary surface in front of, and parallel to, the body, where moves are performed. Full-in, back-out: A double salto with a full twist performed during the first salto. Gaylord: A move, named after US gymnast Mitch Gaylord, involving a front giant into a 1½ salto over the bar to grasp it again. Giant: A swing through 360 degrees around the bar, with the body fully extended. Grand jeté: A scissor-like movement from one leg to the other with legs outstretched in the air. Grand plié: A position where the gymnast stands with legs fully bent. Half-in, half-out: A double salto with a half-twist on each salto. Handspring: A linking move involving a spring off the hands, performed by placing the weight on the arms and pushing strongly from the shoulders, which can go forward or backward. Healy: A common manoeuvre on the parallel bars where a gymnast starts with a handstand on top of the bars, then falls forward, releasing one arm, executing a half-turn with the other, grasping the bar again and continuing the swing. Inward turn: A turn in the direction of the ing leg or arm; also known as a "reverse turn". Jeté: A graceful move where a gymnast springs from one foot to the other. Kip: A move from a position below an apparatus to a position above it. Leg circle: A standard pommel-horse move where a gymnast keeps the legs together and swings them in a full circle around the horse, with each hand lifted in turn from the pommel to let the legs . Legmount: A balance on one leg, with the other leg fully extended in a front, side or rear split position. Lunge: A position often used to prepare for a pivot, with one foot well in front of the other and taking most of the weight with the knee bent. Needle scale: A balance on one foot, with the other leg lifted high behind, the body dropped forward and the hands either on the floor or gripping the ankle. Optionals: Manoeuvres selected by the gymnast which portray their best skills, often with a high degree of difficulty. é: A basic balance position where one leg is turned outward with the thigh at horizontal, knee bent and toes touching the inner knee of the other leg. Penchée: A balance position where the straightened legs are split vertically, one ing and the other pointed toward the ceiling, while the chest is angled down toward the knee of the ing leg and the hands are not touching the ground. Pirouette: To turn on one foot around the body's longitudinal axis, as defined by the spine, in dance elements. Pivot: A turn on the ball of the foot. Plié: A position with the knees bent and the back straight. Push-up arch: A move starting from a sitting position with the legs bent in front of the body and one hand behind the body for , pushing up into a standing back arch (or back flexion) and ending in a standing position. Release: To leave the bar to perform a move before grasping it again. Relevé: A swift rise or lift onto the ball of the foot. Reverse turn: A turn in the direction of the ing leg; also known as an "inward turn". Routine: A combination of movements or manoeuvres displaying a full range of skills on one apparatus. Salto: A flip or somersault where a gymnast rotates around the axis of the hips. Scale: A balance on one leg, with the other leg raised backwards, sideways or forwards and the upper body lowered slightly. Scissor kick: A jump from one foot to the other with legs straightened as they swing forward, simulating the motion of scissors. Somersault: An acrobatic movement where the body makes a complete revolution, heels over head; also known as "salto". Spiral: Continuous circling movement of the body or apparatus. Split leap: A forward leap from one foot, landing on the opposite foot and assuming a split position in mid-air. Splits: A position where one leg is extended forward and the other backward, at right angles to the body. Stick: To complete a landing without taking any steps. Straddle: A position where the legs are split sideways. Stutz: A common swing used on the parallel bars where the gymnast starts from a handstand atop the bars and swings backward between the bars, executing a half-turn along the way and returning to the handstand position to face the opposite way. Thomas flares: Named after US gymnast Kurt Thomas, straddle leg rotations on the pommel horse.
Timochenko: Named after Soviet gymnast Alexandra Timochenko, a side flexion performed in standing side splits. Tkatchev: Named after Russian gymnast Alexander Tkatchev, a move from a backward giant to a backward straddle release over the bar. Tour jeté: A jump with a half-turn which transfers weight from one foot to the other. Tuck: A position where the knees and hips are bent and drawn into the chest, with the body folded at the waist. Turn: A rotation on the body's axis ed by one or both feet. Twist: A move in acrobatic skills where a gymnast rotates around the body's longitudinal axis, defined by the spine. V-sit: A position where the legs are raised off the floor close together and the body is ed by the hands to form a "V" shape. Walkover: A move where a gymnast moves from a standing position through a handstand position to a standing position while "walking" through the air with the feet. Yurchenko vault: Named after Soviet gymnast Natalia Yurchenko, a vault that begins with a round-off entry onto the beatboard and continues with a back handspring onto the horse and a back 1½ salto off.
All Around: Refers to a gymnast that competes all of their gender specific events. For men this is the 6 events, and for women the 4 events described below. A specialist, in contrast, only competes a sub-set of the events. Amplitude: In gymnastics this term means height or spectacular excecution of a particular skill. When a gymnast performs a skill bigger than other gymnasts typically perform the same skill it is said to have a lot of amplitude. At various times the code has given bonus for amplitude. Block: The term "block" in gymnastics is typically used to describe a rapid rebounding off of the floor or aparatus with the arms. The block comes from the shoulders exploding towards extension. Counter Turn: Counter turn is most often used to describe the turning of the hips against the direction of a double leg circle. When a gymnast is in the 12:00 position (legs straight in front of them) their hips should be turned in the opposite direction of their circle. Eg for a clockwise circle their right hip will be higher than their left. This enables the gymnast to extend and drive their heels for the completion of the circle. It enables a much stronger circle, and allows for spindles to be performed dynamically. Dismount: The term used for the last skill in the routine. For most events the method used to get off of the event. This skill is required to be at most one skill value below the hardest skill in the routine. eg. if there is a D value skill in the routine, the dismount must be of at least C value. Events: The 4 women's events in gymnastcs are Floor, Uneven Bars, Beam, Vault. The 6 mens events are Floor, Pommel Horse, Rings, Vault, Parallel Bars, High Bar. Extension/Flexion: Extension of a t is moving toward straightness. Flexion is the opposite. Eg total flexion of your knee is when your heels are in with your rear. In the case of the shoulders, extension is pushing your arm away from your torso rather as when doing a handstand and pushing your feet as high as possible. Flexibility: To have a wide range of motion in a t. An example of the types of fexibility required of gymnasts is to be able to do the splits, or place ones chin on ones knees without bending ones legs. Flip: Rotation about the transverse, or the horizontal axis. This axis runs left to right. When you are doing a forward roll you are rotating about the transferse axis. Grips: Grips are the leather straps that gymnasts wear to help keep a grip on the bars or rings. The purpose of grips is to help maintain a firm grip on the equipment. Though they do help, they do not revent rips. High bar grips are typically 3 finger with a small dowel. Ring grips are 2 finger, long and have a large dowel. Uneven bar grips are 2 finger and have a dowel smaller than rings, but larger than high bar. Parrallel bar grips exist, but are
rarely used.
Gymnastics: The definition of gymnastics is extreemly broad. As it pertains to this site the term gymnastics is generally referring to artistic gymnastics, or the competetive gymnastics utilizing the events defined above. There is room on this site for the discussion of rhythmic gymnastics, general gymnastics, sports acrobatics, etc. but the main focus is artistic gymnastics. Heel Drive: This is a term used quite often in gymnastics. A heel drive is kicking ones heels hard to carry the gymnasts legs in the direction of the gymnasts back. A proper handspring on vault requires a good heel drive to generate proper momentum and rotation. During a heel drive the gymnasts legs should be together and squeezed tight to maximize effectiveness. Hurdle: The transitional motion from a run to set up to perform a skill. This hurdle can be from one foot to two feet, or one foot to one foot, or in the case of a "jump hurdle" or "power hurdle" from two feet to one foot. In the case of floor setting up for a right roundoff, handspring or other kicking skill the hurdle is a skip on the left leg while stretching and bringing the right leg forward to prepare for the lunge. In the case of vault, or two foot take-off skill on floor the hurdle is a low jump from one foot to two feet bringing both feel forward to maximize conversion of forward momentum into height. In all cases a proper powerful hurdle is critical to the performance of many high level skills. Mixed Grip: Gripping with each each hand differently. eg one hand fingers facing away from you, other hand fingers facing you. Mount: This term is used to identify the first skill in a routine. Mount meaning to get on the apparatus. Gymnasts have found very inventive ways to get onto the equipment. Overgrip: Hanging onto the bar with your fingers facing away from you. Peel: Peeling off of an event is when you involuntarily let go. On uneven bars or high bar peeling is usually followed by a short uncontrolled flight. On rings peeling is usually followed by an almost immediate impact with the ground. Peeling is almost entirely preventable by proper hand and body positions, and equipment review (including grips). Pig: Another name for the pommel horse. Pipe: Another name for high bar. Pit: A pit is typically a hole in the ground filled with chunks of open celled foam. Though injury is still possible in a pit, the amount of give in a pit greatly reduces the risk. Pointed/Flexed Toes: Toe point is an important factor in gymnastics. When the toes and foot are pulled downward so that the line from the knee to the tip of the toes is essentially straight and their is no angle in the ankle. Flexed toes means the opposite. The toes are pulled upwards till the ankle forms a 90 degree angle. Punch: Bouncing off of the floor or apparatus rather than jumping. Jumping involves bending your legs and pushing, while "punching" involves anticipating the floor and springing off using both any spring in the floor as well as power in your legs. Rep/Set: Rep is short for repetition. When doing an exersize a rep is simply one cycle of the motion. A set is a collection of reps done without stopping. eg doing 20 pushups 5 at a time would be 4 sets of 5 reps. Rip: A "Rip" in gymnastics is when a flap of skin tears off of your hand when you are swinging an event. Rotation: Circular motion around an axis. A forward roll is a rotation, as is a twist.
Routine: A routine is a sequence of skills on an event. The number and difficulty of skills depends on the competition format, and skill level of the competetors. Salto: Another term for flip or roll. A rotation about the transverse axis. Set: A set is the initiation of most aerial skills. Eg. A set for a back tuck is when the gymnast leaves the floor stretching their arms towards the ceiling, lifting their chest, and spotting the wall in front of them. A set is often counterintuitive and therefore takes focus and determination to maximize its effectiveness. Specialist: A gymnast that competes selected events as opposed to competing All Around. A gymnast that competes only pommel horse would be referred to as a pommel horse specialist. This often, but not always, allows for a higher degree of competancy on the specialized event. Spotting: Spotting or to "spot" someone in gymnastics means to assist them in safely completing a skill. The amount of spot can range from simply tapping a leg to completely carrying the gymnast through the motion. A spot can be used to reduce risk of injury, or to ensure proper technique. Spotting can be done hands on, or with a spotting device such as a spotting belt. Spotting belt: A spotting belt is a belt that a gymnast wears that is attached to ropes or cables that are generally attached to pulleys connected to the ceiling or a tower. This device allows a coach to "catch" a gymnast when working multiple flipping or twisting skills in a situation when a hand spot would be unfeasable. Stick: To stick a landing is to land, and remain standing without requiring a step. A proper stick position is with legs bent, shoulders above hips, arms forward. Sticking consistantly takes regular practice. Tap: Typically a dynamic motion used to generate momentm. The term is most often used on swinging events to describe the kick used to generate the required speed and rotation for a skill. Tight: This term is used by coaches A LOT, but what does it really mean? A tight body position is not simply straight, or extended, but taught. The muscles involved in the extension are squeezed. Positions are held rigid so that different parts of the body can move together. Any flexing in the ts can reduce the effectiveness of certain motions. Much of a gymnasts strength training is to enable "tightness". Timer: A drill that simulates the feel of a skill, or the set for a skill without the risk of completing the skill. Eg. a 1 1/4 back to a stack of mats is a timer for a double back. Turnover: When turnover is mentioned in gymnastics it is referring to rotating the body along the axis through the hips perpedicular to line of sight with the head straight forward. For example aggressive turnover on the front swing on rings means to quickly drive your toes towards the ceiling, thus inverting your body and enabling your swing to travel upward. Twist: A rotation about the longitudinal, or vertical, axis. This is the axis that runst from your head to your feet. When you spin in a circle while standing you are "twisting". A right twist is defined as the right shoulder going backwards, the converse for a left twist. Undergrip: Hanging on a bar with your fingers facing you. What are the fractions?: The fractions are used in order to describe twist. A 1/1 twist is a 360 degree twist. a 3/2 twist is 1 1/2 twists or 540 degrees of twist.
Aerial: A manoeuvre where a gymnast completes a full rotation in the air without touching the apparatus. Amplitude: The height or degree of execution of a move. Arabesque: A pose on one leg with the other leg extended behind the body, which is lowered from the hips to form a graceful curve; often used in a balance or pivot. Arch position: A position where the body is curved backward. Assemblé: A common jump where the legs are brought together in the air. Back flip: A move that begins with taking off from one or two feet, then jumping backward onto the hands and landing on the feet. Back handspring: A move where a gymnast takes off from one or two feet, jumps backward onto the hands and lands on the feet; also known as a "flicflac" or "flip-flop". Back-in, full-out: A double salto with a full twist performed during the second salto. Balance: A static position which holds a distinct shape. Balance beam: A five-metre beam 10 centimetres wide and 1.2 metres above the floor, used for routines involving leaps, turns and tumbling moves. Body wave: A wave-like movement of the entire body ing through the hips, shoulders, arms and head. Boomerang throw: A throw of the ribbon where the cane is thrown but the gymnast grasps the end of the ribbon and pulls back on it, sending the cane flying towards her. Cabriole: A leap where one leg is raised to the front and the other leg is brought up swiftly underneath and beats against it before the gymnast lands on the foot used for take-off. Cartwheel: A sideways acrobatic roll with the arms and legs extended. Cat leap: A leap where a gymnast takes off from one foot, raising one knee and then the other. Chainé turn: A turn on the balls of the feet. Chassé: A movement of the feet which gives the impression of one foot chasing the other, often used as a lead-up to a leap. Circumduction: The act of moving the body, with or without apparatus, in a full circle with forward and backward flexion of the trunk and one hand leading the other to make a small circle in front of the body or a large circle around the body and overhead. Composition: The structure of a gymnastics routine. Compulsories: Pre-designed routines that contain specific movements required of all gymnasts. Cossack: A leap where both legs are horizontal with the floor, one leg straight, the other bent at the knee. Cross: A rings position where the arms are stretched fully and sideways, ing the body, which is held vertically. Degree of difficulty: A rating that measures the difficulty of specific moves and is factored into the total score after judges have scored the execution of the moves. Développé: The unfolding of a leg into an open position in the air. Dismount: To leave an apparatus at the end of a routine, usually done with a difficult twist or salto. Element: A single move that has a recognised way of performance and technical value. Execution: 1. The performance of a routine. 2. The form, style and technique used to complete the skills included in a routine. Flexion: Any movement of a t which brings connected body parts closer together. Flic-flac: A move where a gymnast takes off from one or two feet, jumps backward onto the hands and lands on the feet; also known as a "flip-flop" or "back handspring". Flip-flop: A move where a gymnast takes off from one or two feet, jumps backwards onto the hands and lands on the feet; also known as a "flic-flac" or "back handspring". Fouetté: A pivot involving a sharp turn of the body away from the extended leg and a swift inward action of the lower leg, reminiscent of cracking a whip. Frontal plane: An imaginary surface in front of, and parallel to, the body, where moves are performed. Full-in, back-out: A double salto with a full twist performed during the first salto. Gaylord: A move, named after US gymnast Mitch Gaylord, involving a front giant into a 1½ salto over the bar to grasp it again. Giant: A swing through 360 degrees around the bar, with the body fully extended. Grand jeté: A scissor-like movement from one leg to the other with legs outstretched in the air. Grand plié: A position where the gymnast stands with legs fully bent. Half-in, half-out: A double salto with a half-twist on each salto. Handspring: A linking move involving a spring off the hands, performed by placing the weight on the arms and pushing strongly from the shoulders, which can go forward or backward. Healy: A common manoeuvre on the parallel bars where a gymnast starts with a handstand on top of the bars, then falls forward, releasing one arm, executing a half-turn with the other, grasping the bar again and continuing the swing. Inward turn: A turn in the direction of the ing leg or arm; also known as a "reverse turn". Jeté: A graceful move where a gymnast springs from one foot to the other. Kip: A move from a position below an apparatus to a position above it. Leg circle: A standard pommel-horse move where a gymnast keeps the legs together and swings them in a full circle around the horse, with each hand lifted in turn from the pommel to let the legs . Legmount: A balance on one leg, with the other leg fully extended in a front, side or rear split position. Lunge: A position often used to prepare for a pivot, with one foot well in front of the other and taking most of the weight with the knee bent. Needle scale: A balance on one foot, with the other leg lifted high behind, the body dropped forward and the hands either on the floor or gripping the ankle. Optionals: Manoeuvres selected by the gymnast which portray their best skills, often with a high degree of difficulty. é: A basic balance position where one leg is turned outward with the thigh at horizontal, knee bent and toes touching the inner knee of the other leg. Penchée: A balance position where the straightened legs are split vertically, one ing and the other pointed toward the ceiling, while the chest is angled down toward the knee of the ing leg and the hands are not touching the ground. Pirouette: To turn on one foot around the body's longitudinal axis, as defined by the spine, in dance elements. Pivot: A turn on the ball of the foot. Plié: A position with the knees bent and the back straight. Push-up arch: A move starting from a sitting position with the legs bent in front of the body and one hand behind the body for , pushing up into a standing back arch (or back flexion) and ending in a standing position. Release: To leave the bar to perform a move before grasping it again. Relevé: A swift rise or lift onto the ball of the foot. Reverse turn: A turn in the direction of the ing leg; also known as an "inward turn". Routine: A combination of movements or manoeuvres displaying a full range of skills on one apparatus. Salto: A flip or somersault where a gymnast rotates around the axis of the hips. Scale: A balance on one leg, with the other leg raised backwards, sideways or forwards and the upper body lowered slightly. Scissor kick: A jump from one foot to the other with legs straightened as they swing forward, simulating the motion of scissors. Somersault: An acrobatic movement where the body makes a complete revolution, heels over head; also known as "salto". Spiral: Continuous circling movement of the body or apparatus. Split leap: A forward leap from one foot, landing on the opposite foot and assuming a split position in mid-air. Splits: A position where one leg is extended forward and the other backward, at right angles to the body. Stick: To complete a landing without taking any steps. Straddle: A position where the legs are split sideways. Stutz: A common swing used on the parallel bars where the gymnast starts from a handstand atop the bars and swings backward between the bars, executing a half-turn along the way and returning to the handstand position to face the opposite way. Thomas flares: Named after US gymnast Kurt Thomas, straddle leg rotations on the pommel horse.
Timochenko: Named after Soviet gymnast Alexandra Timochenko, a side flexion performed in standing side splits. Tkatchev: Named after Russian gymnast Alexander Tkatchev, a move from a backward giant to a backward straddle release over the bar. Tour jeté: A jump with a half-turn which transfers weight from one foot to the other. Tuck: A position where the knees and hips are bent and drawn into the chest, with the body folded at the waist. Turn: A rotation on the body's axis ed by one or both feet. Twist: A move in acrobatic skills where a gymnast rotates around the body's longitudinal axis, defined by the spine. V-sit: A position where the legs are raised off the floor close together and the body is ed by the hands to form a "V" shape. Walkover: A move where a gymnast moves from a standing position through a handstand position to a standing position while "walking" through the air with the feet. Yurchenko vault: Named after Soviet gymnast Natalia Yurchenko, a vault that begins with a round-off entry onto the beatboard and continues with a back handspring onto the horse and a back 1½ salto off.
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