Green Computing Report 302a4i

A SEMINAR REPORT ON GREEN CLOUD COMPUTING BY AVNI MAHESHWARI 12ESKCS302

SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AND GRAMOTHAN, JAIPUR

APR 2016

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my profound gratitude to Ms. Neha Kapoor, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering for the valuable help and guidance in the preparation of this seminar “GREEN CLOUD COMPUTING”. Finally, I would like to thank the IT staff and all those who have helped me directly or indirectly at various stages in the development of this project.

Avni Maheshwari

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Abstract Thrust of computing was initially on faster analysis and speedier calculations and solving of mare complex problems but in the recent past another focus has got immense importance and that is achievement of energy efficiency, minimization consumption of e-equipments. It has also given utmost attention to minimization of e-waste and use of non-toxic materials in preparation of e-equipments. World leaders have also taken move towards this by following some principles. Now it is the time for the end s community to follow some rules of thumb to achieve partly benefit of “Green Computing”. In India, the implement-ability of principle of “Green Computing” is facing a dilemma due to many socio-economic matters and those are linked to be soughed out to pull India in the mainstream movement of “Green Computing”. Green computing is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently. The goals are similar to green chemistry; that is reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Taking into consideration the popular use of information technology industry, it has to lead a revolution of sorts by turning green in a manner no industry has ever done before. It is worth emphasizing that this “green technology” should not be just about sound bytes to impress activists but concrete action and organizational policy. Opportunities lie in green technology like never before in history and organizations are seeing it as a way to create new profit centers while trying to help the environmental cause. The plan towards green IT should include new electronic products and services with optimum efficiency and all possible options towards energy savings.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover or Title Page Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents List of symbols & abbreviations

1 2 3 4-5 6

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Introduction 1.2 Why Go Green? 1.3 Objective 1.4 Summary CHAPTER-2 ABOUT GREEN COMPUTING

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2.1 History 2.2 What is GREEN COMPUTING? 2.2.1 Origin 2.2.2 At Present 2.2.3 Roads to GREEN COMPUTING 2.3 Regulations and Industry Initiatives 2.3.1 From the Government 2.3.2 From the Industry 2.4. Demons behind GREEN COMPUTING 2.5. Recent Implementations of GREEN COMPUTING 2.6. Advantages of GREEN COMPUTING 2.7. Facts About GREEN COMPUTING 2.8 Summary CHAPTER-3 ANALYSIS AND APPROACHES 3.1 Why GREEN COMPUTING? 3.2 Approaches To GREEN COMPUTING 3.2.1 Virtualization 3.2.2 Algorithm Efficiency 3.2.3 Power Management 3.2.4 Power Supply 3.2.5 Storage 3.2.6 Display 4

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3.2.7 Materials Recycling 3.2.8 Telecommunicating 3.3 Role Of IT Vendors 3.3.1 APPLE 3.3.2 WIPRO 3.3.3 GOOGLE 3.4 Summary CHAPTER-4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

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4.1 Conclusion 4.2 Future scope 4.3 Steps to GREEN COMPUTING 4.4 Summary REFERENCES

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LIST OF SYMBOLS &ABBREVIATIONS RoHS:

Restriction of Hazardous Substances

WEEE:

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

PBBs:

Polybrominated Biphenyl

PBDEs:

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

PSUs:

Power Supplies

LED:

Light Emitting Diode

DRAM:

Dynamic Random Access Memory

OLEDs:

Organic Light Emitting Diode

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1

Introduction

Green computing is the practice of using computing resources efficiently. The goals are to reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Such practices include the implementation of energy-efficient central processing units (Us), servers and peripherals as well as reduced resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic waste (ewaste). In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star, a voluntary labeling program which is designed to promote and recognize energy-efficiency in monitors, climate control equipment, and other technologies. This resulted in the widespread adoption of sleep mode among consumer electronics. The term "green computing" was probably coined shortly after the Energy Star program began; there are several USENET posts dating back to 1992 which use the term in this manner.

Figure 1:Green Computing[8]

1.2 Why Go Green? Green computing is a very hot topic these days, not only because of rising energy costs and potential savings, but also due to the impact on the environment. Energy to manufacture, store, operate, and cool computing systems has grown significantly in the recent years, primarily due to the volume of systems and computing that companies now heavily rely upon. Computing power consumption of companies has reached a critical point. For example, an E-commerce business with 100,000 servers can easily spend up to $20 million a year on server power. Add another $10 million for a/c cooling and it tops $30 million a year in power alone. Clearly there is a huge potential for savings in their infrastructure. Despite the huge surge in computing power demands, there are many existing technologies and methods by which significant savings can be made. This series is dedicated to the ways a typical organization can reduce their energy footprint while maintaining required levels of computing performance.

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1.3 Objectives Climate Change: First and foremost, conclusive research shows that CO2 and other emissions are causing global climate and environmental damage. Preserving the planet is a valid goal because it aims to preserve life. Planets like ours, that s life, are very rare. None of the planets in our solar system, or in nearby star systems have m-class planets as we know them. Savings: Green computing can lead to serious cost savings over time. Reductions in energy costs from servers, cooling, and lighting are generating serious savings for many corporations. Reliability of Power :As energy demands in the world group, energy supply is declining or flat. Energy efficient system helps ensure healthy power systems.Also; more companies are generating more of their own electricity, which further motivates them to keep power consumption low. Computing Power Consumption has Reached a Critical Point: Data centers have run out of usable power and cooling due to high densities.

1.4 Summary Chapter 1 Deals with the introduction part of the report. It provides the background information necessary for understanding GREEN COMPUTING. Provides a brief introduction of importance Green Computing & its objectives. Basically the goals of green computing are similar to green chemistry: reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Green computing researchers look at key issues and topics related to energy efficiency in computing and promoting environmentally friendly computer technologies and systems include energy efficient use of computers, design of algorithms and systems for environmentally-friendly computer technologies, and wide range of related topics.

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CHAPTER 2 ABOUT GREEN COMPUTING 2.1 History of GREEN COMPUTING I n 1 9 9 2 , t h e U.S, Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star , a v o l u n t a r y labeling program which is designed to promote and recognize energyefficient mechanism. This resulted in the widespread adoption of sleep mode among consumer electronics. The term “green computing” was probably coined shortly after the Energy Star program began; there are several USENET posts dating back to1 9 9 2 . T C O Development launched the Certification program to promote low magnetic and electrical emis sions from CRT-based computer displays; criteria on energy consumption, ergonomics, and the use of hazardous materials in construction. When it comes to PC disposal, it is necessary to know everything there is to know in order to be involved in green computing. Basically, the whole green aspect came about quite a few years back when the news that the environment was not a renewable resource really hit home and people started realizing that they had to do their part to protect the environment. Basically, the efficient use of computers and computing is what green computing is all about. The triple bottom line is what is important when it comes to anything green and the same goes for green computing. This considers social responsibility, economic viability and the impact on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . Many businesses simply focus on a bottom line, rather than a green T r i p l e bottom line, of economic viability when it comes to computers. The idea is to make the whole process surrounding computers friendlier to the environment, economy, and society. This means manufacturers create computers in a way that reflects the triple bottom line positively. Once computers are sold businesses or people use them in a green way by reducing power usage and disposing of them properly or recycling them. The idea is to make computers from beginning trend a green product.

2.2 What is GREEN COMPUTING? Green computing is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently. The primary objective of such a program is to an expanded spectrum of values and criteria for measuring organizational (and societal) success. The goals are similar to green chemistry; reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product’s lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste.

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Figure 2.2:Green Earth[11]

Modern IT systems rely upon a complicated mix of people, networks and hardware; as such, a green computing initiative must be systemic in nature, and address increasingly sophisticated problems. Elements of such a solution may comprise items such as end satisfaction, management restructuring, regulatory compliance, disposal of electronic waste, telecommuting.

2.2.1 Origin

In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star, a voluntary labeling program that is designed to promote and recognize energy-efficiency in monitors, climate control equipment, and other technologies. This resulted in the widespread adoption of sleep mode among consumer electronics. Concurrently, the Swedish organization TCO Development launched the TCO Certification program to promote low magnetic and electrical emissions from CRT-based computer displays; this program was later expanded to include criteria on energy consumption, ergonomics, and the use of hazardous materials in construction.

2.2.2. At Present Currently the ICT industry is responsible for 3% of the world’s energy consumption. With the rate of consumption increasing by 20% a year, 2030 will be the year when the world’s energy consumption will double because of the ICT industry. Organizations use the Green Computing Lifecycle when deg and implementing green computing technologies. The stages in the Lifecycle include Strategy, Design, Implementation, Operations and Continual Improvements. Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing. The Energy Star program was revised in October 2006 to include stricter efficiency requirements for computer equipment, along with a tiered ranking system for approved products.

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The 5 core green computing technologies advocated by GCI are Green Data Centre, Virtualization, Cloud Computing, Power Optimization and Grid Computing.

Figure 2.2.2:Present Scenario[12][1]

There are currently many nations that have established state-wide recycling programs for obsolete computers and consumer electronics equipment The statutes either impose a fee for each unit sold at retail (Advance Recovery Fee model), or require the manufacturers to reclaim the equipment at disposal (Producer Responsibility model).

2.2.3. Roads to Green Computing

Figure 2.4: Reduce, Reuse &Recycle[12][2]

Green use: — reducing the energy consumption of computers and other information systems as well as using them in an environmentally sound manner Green disposal: — refurbishing and reusing old computers and properly recycling unwanted computers and other electronic equipment

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Green design: —deg energy-efficient and environmentally sound components, computers, servers, cooling equipment, and data centres. Green manufacturing: — manufacturing electronic components, computers, another associated subsystems with minimal impact on the environment

2.3. Regulation And Industry Initiative 2.3.1. From The Government: Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing. The Energy Star program was revised in October 2006 to include s t r i c t e r e f f i c i e n c y r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r c o m p u t e r e q u i p m e n t T h e E u r o p e a n U n i o n ’s d i r e c t i v e s 2002/95/EC (RoHS), on the reduction of hazardous substances, and 2002/96/EC ( WEEE) on waste electrical and electronic equipment required the substitution of heavy metals and flame retardants like PBBs and PBDEs in all electronic equipment put on the market starting on July 1,2006. The directives placed responsibility on manufacturers for the gathering and recycling of old equipment (the Producer Responsibility model).

2.3.2. From The Industry: Climate Savers Computing Initiative: C S C I i s a n e f f o r t t o r e d u c e t h e e l e c t r i c p o w e r consumption of PCs in active and inactive states. The CSCI provides a catalog of green p r o d u c t s f r o m i t s m e m b e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a n d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e d u c i n g P C p o w e r consumption. It was started on 2007-06-12. Green Computing Impact Organisatio n Inc : G C I O i s a n o n - p r o f i t organization dedicated to assisting the end-s of computing p r o d u c t s i n b e i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y responsible. This mission is accomplished through educational events, cooperative programs and subsidized auditing services. The heart of the group is based on the GCIO Cooperative, a community of environmentally concerned IT leaders who pool their time, resources, and buying power to educate, broaden the use, and improves the efficiency of, green computing products and services Green Electronics Council: The Green Electronics Council offers the Electronic Products Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) to assist in the purchase of "green" computing systems. The Council evaluates computing equipment on 28 criteria that measure a product’s efficiency and sustainability attributes. On 2007-01-24, President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13423, which requires all United States Federal agencies to use EPEAT when purchasing computer systems. The Green Grid: It is a global consortium dedicated to advancing energy efficiency in data centers and business computing ecosystems. It was founded in February 2007 by several key 12

companies in the industry – AMD, APC, Dell, HP, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Rackable Systems, Spray Cool, Sun Microsystems and VMware. The Green Grid has since grown to hundreds of , including end s and government organizations, all focused on improving data center efficiency.

2.4. Demons Behind Green Computing Power supply: Desktop computer power supplies( P S U s ) a r e g e n e r a l l y 7 0 – 7 5 % efficient, dissipating the remaining energy as heat. An industry initiative called 80 PLUS certifies PSUs that are at least 80% efficient; typically these models are drop-in r e p l a c e m e n t s f o r o l d e r , l e s s e f f i c i e n t P S U s o f t h e s a m e f o r m f a c t o r . A s o f July 20, 2007, a l l n e w E n e r g y S t a r 4 . 0 - c e r t i f i e d d e s k t o p P S U s m u s t b e a t l e a s t 8 0 % efficient.

Storage: S m a l l e r f o r m f a c t o r ( e . g . 2 . 5 i n c h ) h a r d d i s k d r i v e s often consume less power than physically larger drives. Unlike hard disk drives, solid store data in flash memory or DRAM. With no moving parts, power consumption may be r e d u c e d somewhat for low capacity flash based devices. Even at modest sizes, D R A M b a s e d S S D s m a y u s e m o r e p o w e r t h a n h a r d d i s k s , ( e . g . , 4 G B iRAM uses more power and space than laptop drives). Flash based drives are generally slower for writing than hard disks. Video card: 1. A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a com puter. Energy efficient display o p t i o n s i n c l u d e : N o v i d e o cards used in a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop sharing software if display required. 2. Use motherboard video output - typically low 3D performance and low power. 3. Reuse an older video card that uses little power; many do not require heat sinks or fans. 4. S e l e c t a G P U b a s e d o n a v e r a g e w a t t a g e o r performance per watt.

Materials: Computer systems that have outlived their particular function can be repurposed, or donated to various charities and non-profit organizations. However, many charities have recently imposed minimum system requirements for donated equipment. Additionally, parts from outdated systems may be salvaged and recycled through certain retail outlets and municipal or private recycling centers. Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, m e r c u r y , a n d h e x a v a l e n t c h r o m i u m o u t o f landfills, b u t o f t e n c o m p u t e r s g a t h e r e d t h r o u g h recycling drives are shipped to countries where environmental standards are less strict than in North America and Europe. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition estimates that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste collected for recycling is shipped abroad to countries such as China, India, and Pakistan. Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges, paper, and batteries may be recycled as well. 13

Display:LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display. Some newer displays use an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, which reduces the amount of electricity used by the display.

Chilling of data: To keep servers at the right temperature, companies mainly rely on air conditioning. The more powerful the machine, the more cool air needed to keep it from overheating. By 2005, the energy required to power and cool servers ed for about1 . 2 % o f t o t a l U . S e l e c t r i c i t y c o n c e p t i o n . B y 2 0 1 0 , h a l f o f t h e F o r b e s G l o b a l 2 0 0 0 companies will spend more on energy than on hardware such as servers.

2.5. Recent implementations of Green Computing Blackle: Blackle is a search-engine site powered by Google Search. Blackle came into being based on the concept that when a computer screen is white, presenting an empty word or the Google home , your computer consumes 74W. When the screen is black it consumes only 59W. Based on this theory if everyone switched from Google to Blackle, mother earth would save 750MW each year. This was a really good implementation of Green Computing. The principle behind Blackle is based on the fact that the display of different colors consumes different amounts of energy on computer monitors. 6.2 Fit-PC: a tiny PC that draws only 5w: Fit-PC is the size of a paperback and absolutely silent, yet fit enough to run Windows XP or Linux. fit-PC is designed to fit where a standard PC is too bulky, noisy and power hungry. If you ever wished for a PC to be compact, quiet and green ând then fit- PC is the perfect fit for you. Fit-PC draws only 5 Watts, consuming in a day less power than a traditional PC consumes in 1 hour. You can leave fit-PC to work 24/7 without making a dent in your electric bill.

Zonbu Computer: The Zonbu is a new, very energy efficient PC. The Zonbu consumes just one third of the power of a typical light bulb. The device runs the Linux operating system using a 1.2 gigahertz processor and 512 meg of RAM. It also contains no moving parts, and does even contain a fan. You can get one for as little as US$99, but it does require you to sign up for a twoyear subscription”.

Sunray thin client: Sun Microsystems is reporting increased customer interest in its Sun Ray, a thin desktop client, as electricity prices climb, according to Subodh Bapat, vice president and chief engineer in the Eco Responsibility office at Sun. Thin clients like the Sun Ray consume far less electricity than conventional desktops, he said. A Sun Ray on a desktop consumes 4 to 8 watts of power, because most of the heavy computation is performed by a server. Sun says Sunrays are particularly well suited for cost-sensitive environments such as call centers, education, healthcare, service providers, and finance. PCs have more powerful processors as well as hard drives, something thin clients don't have. Thus, traditional PCs invariably consume a substantially larger amount of power. In the United States, desktops need to consume 50 watts or less in idle mode to qualify for new stringent Energy Star certification.

The Asus Eee PC and other ultra portables: The "ultra-portable" class of personal computers is characterized by a small size, fairly low power U, compact screen, low cost and 14

innovations such as using flash memory for storage rather than hard drives with spinning platters. These factors combine to enable them to run more efficiently and use less power than a standard form factor laptop. The Asus Eee PC is one example of an ultraportable. It is the size of a paperback, weighs less than a kilogram, has built-in Wi-Fi and uses flash memory instead of a hard drive. It runs Linux too.

2.6. Advantages of GREEN COMPUTING

Figure 3.3:Green IT[16]

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Reduced energy usage from green computing techniques translates into lower carbon dioxide emissions, stemming from a reduction in the fossil fuel used in power plants and transportation.

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Conserving resources means less energy is required to produce, use, and dispose of products.

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Saving energy and resources saves money.

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Green computing even includes changing government policy to encourage recycling and lowering energy use by individuals and businesses.

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Reduce the risk existing in the laptops such as chemical known to cause cancer, nerve damage and immune reactions in humans.

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System Wide Green Computing and Individual Green Computing is the best possible way to practice Green Computing. Companies implementing System Wide Green Computing and employees and individuals practicing individual green computing techniques help in a long way in creating an impact to save the planet.

2.7. Facts About Green Computing 

Computer technology use s for 2% of anthropogenic CO2 o

Roughly equivalent to aviation industry

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IT energy usage will double next 4 years

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A typical desktop PC with a 17-inch LCD monitor requires about 145 watts—110 watts for the computer and 35 watts for the monitor.

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For every 12 consumers who keep power settings enabled for their on their monitors and PCs, CO2 emissions equivalent to removing one average automobile from the road will be avoided.

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If left on 24x7 for one year, this same computer will consume 1,270 kilowatt hours of electricity—that’s enough to release 1,715 pounds of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and the equivalent of driving 1,886 miles in the average car!

2.8. Summary Chapter 2 Deals with Green Computing detailing. Green computing can lead to a lot of energy savings, reduction in emission of co2 & CFC's which leads to environment protection. It also leads to serious cost savings overtime. Devices use less and less power while renewable energy gets more and more portable and effective. New green materials are developed every yea0r, and many toxic ones are already being replaced by them. The greenest computer will not miraculously fall from the sky one day, its ¢ll be the product of years of improvements. The features of a green computer of tomorrow would be like: efficiency, manufacturing & materials, recyclability, service model, self-powering, and other trends. Green computer will be one of the major contributions which will break down the 'digital divide', the electronic gulf that separates the information rich from the information poor.

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CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS AND APPROACHES 3.1 Why GREEN COMPUTING? Our so called technically successful world almost sounds fake .We have great machines and equipments to accomplish our tasks, great gadgets with royal looks and features make our lives more impressive and smooth. Today almost all streams weather its IT, medicine, transportation, agriculture uses machines which indirectly requires large amount of power and money for its effective functioning. Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”, therefore consumption of energy sources has a negative reaction on the environment. Data centers use a large amount of power and consequently cooling energy is needed to counteract the power usage. It can be an endless circle of energy waste Hence the Three main reasons that made us realize the need for growing green are:1. Release of harmful gases from electronics. 2. More utilization of power and money. 3. Increase of E-waste and improper disposal.

3.2 Approaches To GREEN COMPUTING 3.2.1. Virtualization:

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Figure 3.2.1: Virtualisation [18]

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Computer Virtualization means abstraction of computer resources, such as the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware. Through Virtualization, a system can combine several physical systems into virtual machines on one single, powerful system, thereby reducing power and cooling consumption. In the longer run, more profits and less expenses.

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Reducing the number of hardware components and replacing them with Green Computing systems reduces energy costs for running hardware and cooling as well as reducing carbon dioxide emissions and conserving energy.

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The phrase “green computing” may conjure up some humorous images if you’re not familiar with the term. Normally, we think of gas guzzling cars, factories, pesticides, and such when considering environmental concerns. So what does the term “green” signify in the context of everyday computing?

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In a world where computers are everywhere, and environmental concerns are growing by the day, we need to consider how we can build, use and dispose of computers in a manner that’s conducive to the health of the environment. That includes reducing the use of lead and other hazardous materials in manufacturing, being careful about energy consumption and paper waste by computer s, and concern for salvage or recycling of old computers. Millions of computers are dumped into landfills each year. That equates to a lot of lead, cium, mercury and brominates flame retardants, which will contaminate both water and air.

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Figure 3.2.1:Component Wattage[19]

3.2.2

Algorithm Efficiency

The efficiency of algorithms has an impact on the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. As computers have become more numerous and the cost of hardware has declined relative to the cost of energy, the energy efficiency and environmental impact of computing systems and programs has received increased attention. The ‘energy cost’ of a single Google search.The Green 500 list, rates supercomputers by energy efficiency. 3.2.3

Power management

The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (AI), an open industry standard, allows an operating system to directly control the power saving aspects of its underlying hardware. This allows a system to automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard drives after set periods of inactivity. In addition, a system may hibernate, where most components (including the U and the system RAM) are turned off. AI is a successor to an earlier Intel-Microsoft standard called Advanced Power Management, which allows a computer’s BIOS to control power management functions. 3.2.4

Power Supply

Desktop computer power supplies (PSUs) are generally 70–75% efficient, dissipating the remaining energy as heat. An industry initiative called 80 PLUS certifies PSUs that are at least 80% efficient; typically these models are drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs of the same form factor. As of July 20, 2007, all new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at least 80% efficient. 3.2.5

Storage 19

Smaller form factor (e.g. 2.5 inch) hard disk drives often consume less power per gigabyte than physically larger drives. Unlike hard disk drives, solid-state drives store data in flash memory or DRAM. With no moving parts, power consumption may be reduced somewhat for low capacity flash based devices. Even at modest sizes, DRAM-based SSDs may use more power than hard disks, (e.g., 4GB I-RAM uses more power and space than laptop drives). Flash based drives are generally slower for writing than hard disks. 3.2.6

Display

LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display. Some newer displays use an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, which reduces the amount of electricity used by the display. 3.2.7

Materials Recycling

Computer systems that have outlived their particular function can be repurposed, or donated to various charities and non-profit organizations. However, many charities have recently imposed minimum system requirements for donated equipment. Additionally, parts from outdated systems may be salvaged and recycled through certain retail outlets and municipal or private recycling centres. Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills, but often computers gathered through recycling drives are shipped to developing countries where environmental standards are less strict than in North America and Europe. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition estimates that 80% of the postconsumer e-waste collected for recycling is shipped abroad to countries such as China, India, and Pakistan. Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges, paper, and batteries may be recycled as well. 3.2.8

Telecommuting

Teleconferencing and telepresence technologies are often implemented in green computing initiatives. The advantages are many; increased worker satisfaction, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, and increased profit margins as a result of lower overhead costs for office space, heat, lighting, etc. The savings are significant; the average annual energy consumption for U.S. office buildings is over 23 kilowatt hours per square foot, with heat, air conditioning and lighting ing for 70% of all energy consumed. Other related initiatives, such ashotelling, reduce the square footage per employee as workers reserve space only when they need it. Many types of jobs — sales, consulting, and field service — integrate well with this technique.

3.3 Role Of IT Vendors 3.3.1 APPLE 20

Figure 3.3.1:Apple cycle[21]

Four areas of particular attention are product and packaging design, materials, energy efficiency, and recycling. Each aspect of the design cycle provides significant challenges, yet our efforts in these areas have resulted in some impressive results.

1. Product design: It all begins here. Reducing the environmental impact of our products starts with the product design phase. Design dictates the quantity of raw materials as well as the type and recyclability of the materials used. It also determines how much energy is consumed during manufacturing and product use. For example, the amazingly 20-inch iMac is made from highly recyclable glass and aluminum and it is so energy efficient it consumes about the same amount of power a a standard light bulb when on.

2. Materials: Apple helps to safeguard the environment - as well as consumers’ safety - by restricting the use of environmentally harmful compounds in our materials and manufacturing processes. In addition to the substances that have already been restricted or eliminated, Apple is removing elemental forms of bromine and chlorine from our products, not just polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominates flame retardants (BFRs). The new Mac Book family also uses mercuryfree light-emitting diode (LED) displays, with arsenic-free display glass.

3. Energy efficiency: A devices greatest contribution to greenhouse gas emissions comes from its consumptions of energy over time. Apple has made great strides in recent years to optimize the energy efficiency of our hardware and created tools, such as the Energy Saver feature in Mac OS X, that allow consumers to manage the power consumption of their computers. Since 2001, Apple desktop computers, portable computers, and display shave earned the ENERGY STAR rating.

4.Recycling :Apple’s holistic, lifecycle approach to recycling includes using highly recyclable materials in products in addition to providing extensive take-back programs that enable consumers and businesses to safely dispose of used Apple equipment. Since our first take-back 21

initiative began in in 1994, we have instituted recycling programs in 95 percent of the countries where our products are sold - diverting over 53million pounds of electronic equipment from landfills worldwide. Apple is on track to eliminate toxic chemicals from our products. In the2008 Environmental Update Steve Jobs provides an overview on Apple’s progress to eliminate mercury and arsenic from displays and Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR’s) and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) from internal components. Steve Jobs also talks about Apple’s policy on climate change, steps taken to improve product energy-efficiency as well as overall recycling performance during 2007.

3.3.2 WIPRO Wipro Limited, a leading player in Global IT and R&D services, is committed towards environmental sustainability by minimizing the usage of hazardous substances and chemicals which have potential impact on the ecology. It has ed hands with WWF India, one of the largest conservation organizations in the country, to directly deal with the issues of climatic change, waste and water management and biodiversity conservation.

Figure 3.2.2:Wipro’s portfolio[23]

Green Lighting Solutions 1.Complete range of Brightness Management Products for Green Buildings. 2.Ability to integrate lighting and lighting management systems for Green Building performance standards. Role of Lighting for GREEN buildings: 17%-20% of total building’s energy usage. 

Optimize Energy Performance

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High efficiency luminaries design High efficient light sources 22

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Compact Fluorescent lamps Lighting controls High efficiency control gear Personalized controls through task lighting Intelligent Lighting systems .

Green IT Solutions Applications e-Freight:An innovative application for the Air cargo industry that enables efficient,multiformat & paperless interaction between Airlines,Freight Forwarder and Customs. 1. Emission Compliance Management SysteM. 2. Energy Efficiency Solution. 3. Products. 4. Services e-Waste Disposal Services. Green Data Center Energy consumption & Cost are the drivers.

3.3.3. GOOGLE Google's mission is to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful. Hundreds of millions of s access our services through the web, and ing this traffic requires lots of computers. We strive to offer great internet services while taking our energy use very seriously. That's why, almost a decade ago; we started our efforts to make our computing infrastructure as sustainable as possible. Today we are operating what we believe to be the world's most efficient data centers.The graph below shows that our Google-designed data centres use considerably less energy - both for the servers and the facility itself - than a typical data centre. As a result, the energy used p e r Google search is minimal.

Figure 3.3.3:google electricity usage[24]

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But sustainability is about more than electricity, so we've gone beyond just reducing our energy consumption. Before the end of 2008 two of our facilities will run on 100% recycled water, and by 2010 we expect recycled water to provide 80% of our total water consumption. We also carefully manage the retirement of our servers to ensure that 100% of this material is either r e u s e d o r r e c y c l e d . F i n a l l y, w e a r e e n g a g i n g o u r u s e r s a n d p e e r s t o h e l p b u i l d a c l e a n a n d efficient energy future. This broader impact could be significant; if all data centers operated at t h e s a m e e f f i c i e n c y a s o u r s , t h e U . S . a l o n e w o u l d s a v e e n o u g h e l e c t r i c i t y t o p o w e r e v e r y household within the city limits of Atlanta, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.Sustainability is good for the environment, but it makes good business sense too. Most of our work is focused on saving resources such as electricity and water and, more often than not, we find that these actions lead to reduced operating costs. Being "green" is essential to keeping our business competitive. It is this economic advantage that makes our efforts truly sustainable.

3.4 Perspective with respect to Indian Scenario For a long time there was no considerable improvement in the growth of indigenous authentic hardware equipment manufacturer in the country and almost every companies and the household customers were dependant on foreign companies who were either importing the equipments or producing part of them in Indian subsidiaries. Lack of basic research initiative and congenial infrastructure has resulted in absence of good patents and commercial production of indigenously built equipments. Due to tax relief given by the Government in the last few years for importing computer hardware accelerated the import and resulted in the minimization of the machines, equipments and peripherals. In this situation many small and medium scale industries were induced to start procuring the hardware at low prices and venture into the building of IT infrastructure for the company. But during the activities price was the most important criterion. At that point of time the basic objective was to build basic infrastructure without considering the principle of green computing. In the later stage when at the recent time the concept is grown enough it is not possible for most of the small and medium scale companies to redo the task of IT infrastructure development over and above bearing the cost of maintenance and procurement of software. Even with the old non green hardware it was observed that most of the boards (Around 73.78 % as found in local survey in and around Kolkata, Siliguri, ADDA) faced a question by the stakeholders about the justification for the IT expenditure and they also insisted to calculate the cost benefit ratio of the investment and unfortunately most of the boards failed to give good answer due to confusion and initial fault in planning which resulted in the massive underutilization of the equipments and failure of MID which was not very prudent and robust with respect to the changing business dynamics. So in the backdrop of the above discussion it can be concluded that most of the SMEs will not be interested right now to change their IT infrastructure to green infrastructure. Even if they are concerned about the concept they will wait until the cost is recovered from the old infrastructure. Though when they will procure any new equipment they will have a choice of green equipment but in that case also price will play a deterrent role decision-making. Regarding the large companies and MNCs cost of procurement of new green equipments is not very tough but again disposal of the old equipments is not a very 24

easy task. Apart from this the problem of homoeostasis of the employee is also a negative factor. In India the IT backed business intelligence and operation is now in a growth phage and the stakeholders are really concerned to maximize the return on investment and as a result of this it will not be easy to implement the principle of green computing in the IT infrastructure.

3.5 Summary Chapter 3 Deals Adopting Green Computing Strategies make sense not only from an ethical, or moral stand-point, but from a commercial stand-point. There are many business benefits achievable through the implementation of a green computing strategy such as cost savings, resilience, disaster recovery, business continuity planning and of course public relations. Given the prolific nature of IT within today's information economy IT leaders have an excellent opportunity to significantly impact the fight against global warming, whilst enhancing the business operation and efficiency.

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 4.1 Conclusion Whilst the performance and the breadth of application of computers is increasing, so too is our awareness of the cost and scarcity of the energy required to power them, as well as the materials needed to make them in the first place. However, because computing developments can enable individuals and businesses to adopt greener lifestyles and work styles, in of the environmental debate computing is definitely both part of the problem and part of the solution. Through more environmentally aware usage (such as more effective power management and shut-down during periods of inactivity), and by adopting current lower power technologies, computers can already be made significantly more energy efficient. Indeed, just as we now look back and wonder why automobiles a decade or two ago used to guzzle so much petrol, in a decade's time we will no doubt be staggered that a typical desktop PC used to happily sit around drawing 100-200W of power every hour night and day, and when accomplishing no more than displaying a screensaver. The computing industry is more prepared and far more competent than almost any other industry when it comes to facing and responding to rapid change. Environmentally it is not a good thing that most PCs -- especially in companies -- have typically entered a landfill after only a few years in service. However, this reality does at least mean that a widespread mindset already exists for both adapting to and paying money for new computer hardware on a regular basis. Hence, whereas it took decades to get more energy efficient cars on the roads, it will hopefully 25

only take a matter of years to reach a state of affairs where most computers are using far less power than they needlessly waste today.

4.3 Future Scope As 21st century belongs to computers, gizmos and electronic items, energy issues will get a serious ring in the coming days, as the public debate on carbon emissions, global warming and climate change gets hotter. If we think computers are nonpolluting and consume very little energy we need to think again. It is estimated that out of $250 billion per year spent on powering computers worldwide only about 15% of that power is spent computing- the rest is wasted idling. Thus, energy saved on computer hardware and computing will equate tonnes of carbon emissions saved per year. Taking into consideration the popular use of information technology industry, it has to lead a revolution of sorts by turning green in a manner no industry has ever done before. Opportunities lie in green technology like never before in history and organizations are seeing it as a way to create new profit centers while trying to help the environmental cause. The plan towards green IT should include new electronic products and services with optimum efficiency and all possible options towards energy savings. Faster processors historically use more power. Inefficient U's are a double hit because they both use too much power themselves and their waste heat increases air conditioning needs, especially in server farms--between the computers and the HVAC. The waste heat also causes reliability problems, as U's crash much more often at higher temperatures. Many people have been working for years to slice this inefficiency out of computers. Similarly, power supplies are notoriously bad, generally as little as 47% efficient. And since everything in a computer runs off the power supply, nothing can be efficient without a good power supply. Recent inventions of power supply are helping fix this by running at 80% efficiency or better. 1. ¾ landfills can be controlled by making best use of the device by upgrading and repairing in time with a need to make such processes (i.e., upgradation and repairing) easier and cheaper. 2. ¾ avoiding the discarding will not only control e-waste out of dumps but also save energy and materials needed for a whole new computer . 3. ¾ power-sucking displays can be replaced with green light displays made of OLEDs, or organic light-emitting diodes . 4. ¾ use of toxic materials like lead can be replaced by silver and copper . 5. ¾ making recycling of computers (which is expensive and time consuming at present) more effective by recycling computer parts separately with a option of reuse or resale . 6. ¾ future computers could knock 10 percent off their energy use just by replacing hard drives with solid-state, or flash, memory, which has no watt-hungry moving parts.

4.3 Steps To GREEN COMPUTING As of Oct. 20, there are new performance requirements to qualify for the Energy Star rating for desktop and notebook computers, workstations, integrated computers, desktop-derived servers and game consoles. These specifications go into effect on July 20.But businesses don’t have to

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wait until then to initiate more environmentally-friendly computing practices. Here are five first steps you can take toward a green computing strategy. 1.Develop a sustainable green computing plan: Discuss with your business leaders the elements that should be factored into such a plan, including organizational policies and checklists. Such a plan should include recycling policies, recommendations for disposal of used equipment, government guidelines and recommendations for purchasing green computer equipment. Green computing best practices and policies should cover power usage, reduction of paper consumption, as well as recommendations for new equipment and recycling old machines.Organizational policies should include communication and implementation. 2. Recycle: Discard used or unwanted electronic equipment in a convenient and environmentally responsible manner. Computers have toxin metals and pollutants that can emit harmful emissions into the environment. Never discard computers in a landfill. Recycle them instead through manufacturer programs such as HP' Planet Partners recycling service or recycling facilities in your community. Or donate still-working computers to a non-profit agency. 3. Make environmentally sound purchase decisions: Purchase Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool ed products. EPEAT is a procurement tool promoted by the nonprofit Green Electronics Council to: •Help institutional purchasers evaluate, compare and select desktop computers, notebooks and monitors based on environmental attributes. •Provide a clear, consistent set of performance criteria for the design of products •Recognize manufacturer efforts to reduce the environmental impact of products by reducing or eliminating environmentally sensitive materials, deg for longevity and reducing packaging materials. All EPEAT-ed products must meet minimum requirements in eight areas of environmental impact and be energy efficient to reduce emissions of climate-changing greenhouse gases. To demonstrate corporate social and environmental performance, manufacturers must offer safe end-of-life management and recycling options when products become unusable. "Developing environmentally sound products has long been a priority for HP' design and engineering teams," says Jeri Callaway, vice president and general manager, Americas Commercial Solutions, Personal Systems Group, HP. "We' particularly proud that our business-class products already meet,and in some cases exceed, the basic EPEAT standards without any alteration to their existing design.” 4. Reduce Paper Consumption: There are many easy, obvious ways to reduce paper consumption:e-mail, electronic archiving, use the “track changes” feature in electronic documents, rather than red-line corrections on paper. When you do print out documents, make

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sure to use both sides of the paper,recycle regularly, use smaller fonts and margins, and selectively print required pages. 5. Conserve energy: Turn off your computer when you know you won’t use it for an extended period of time. Turn on power management features during shorter periods of inactivity. Power management allows monitors and computers to enter low-power states when sitting idle. By simply hitting the keyboard or moving the mouse, the computer or monitors awakens from its low-power sleep mode in seconds. Power management tactics can save energy and help protect the environment.

4.4 Summary Adopting Green Computing Strategies make sense not only from an ethical, or moral standpoint, but from a commercial stand-point. There are many business benefits achievable through the implementation of a green computing strategy such as cost savings, resilience, disaster recovery, business continuity planning and of course public relations. Given the prolific nature of IT within today's information economy IT leaders have an excellent opportunity to significantly impact the fight against global warming, whilst enhancing the business operation and efficiency.

References [1]http://seminarprojects.com/Thread-green-computing-a-seminar-report#ixzz1shD7uo8i [2]http://www.idoub.com/doc/8574409/green-computing [3]http://www.idoub.com/doc/28697765/Green-Computing [4]http://igreenik.com/innovations/green-computing/green-computing/212/ [5]http://firstfiledir.com/search.php?q=green+computing+pdf [6]http://seminarprojects.com/Thread-green-computing-a-seminar-report [7]http://www.seminarpaper.com/2011/12/seminar-report-on-green-computing.html [8]http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/featured/green-technologies-future/7228 [9]http://thefutureofthings.com/articles/1003/green-computing.html [10]http://greenlivingideas.com/2008/02/12/whats-in-the-future-for-green-pcs/ [11]http://www.thinkdigit.com/latest/green_computing.html [12]http://esciencenews.com/articles/2011/03/24/new.approach.programming.may.boost.green.co mputing [13]http://www.firstpost.com/topic/issue/green-computing-profile-84259.html [14]http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100325131556.htm [15]http://www.thedailygreen.com/green-homes/latest/7316

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