Effectiveness Of Calamansi Rind (citrofortunella Microcarpa)extract As An Alternative Termiticide 65683l

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program

EFFECTIVENESS OF CALAMANSI RIND (Citrofortunella microcarpa)EXTRACT AS AN ALTERNATIVE TERMITICIDE

A Research Presented to the Faculty of Carmona National High School in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Special Science Program

Researchers: Gabrielle V. Calderon Jorilyn A. Paculdo Tricia L. Restrivera Johny Omar A. Sugatan

JANUARY 2017

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program i CERTIFICATION This research entitled “EFFECTIVENESS OF CALAMANSI RIND(Citrofortunella microcarpa) EXTRACT AS AN ALTERNATIVE TERMITICIDE” prepared and submitted by GABRIELLE V. CALDERON, JORILYN A. PACULDO, TRICIA L. RESTRIVERA and JOHNY OMAR A. SUGATAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Special Science Program Curriculum has been examined and is recommended for ORAL DEFENSE. NANETTE D. JALON Research Adviser

APPROVAL SHEET OF EXAMINEES Approved by the committee on January 12, 2017 with the grade of

oral 90

defense .

last

MS. ILYNE PAGUIO MS. CONCHITA OCHAVEZ MEMBER

CHAIRMAN MS. ARLENE RANAY MEMBER

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment requirements in Science Class Curriculum.

of

NANETTE D. JALON Master Teacher I/ OIC Science Department

TERESITA A. SILAN, Ed. D Principal IV

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program ii ABSTRACT Calamansi rind (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is an augment to the total volume of biodegradable wastes that was thrown right after the calamansi juice was extracted. In this study, the Effectiveness of Calamansi Rind Extract as an Alternative Termiticide was conducted to lessen the total volume of biodegradable waste. The chopped calamansi rind underwent extraction and distillation process. Three petri dishes were prepared for each treatment (T1-25%CRE, T2-50%CRE, T3-75%CRE, T4100%CRE, and T5-commercial termiticide). Ten termites in each petri dishes were sprayed with different treatmentsand observed for 30 minutes. The data were treated statistically using mortality test to find the mortality rate of termites. Paired T-test was employed to find the significant difference of mortality rate of termites between using of different concentration of CRE. To find the effectiveness of each concentration of CRE as termiticide, the mean mortality rate of temites using different concentration of CRE was compared to the mean mortality rate of termites using commercial termiticide. The results show that the commercial termiticide has the highest mortality rate of termites (100% mortality rate), followed by 100% CRE (96%mortality rate), 75% CRE (95%mortality rate), 50% CRE (78.39% mortality rate), and 25% CRE (63.35% mortality rate) which indicates that using high concentration of CRE has the higher mortality rate of termites. ed by the Paired T-test, there is no significant difference in the mortality rate of termites using different concentration of CRE as termiticide was noted. In of effectiveness, the termiticide from CRE is not effective as the commercial termiticide, since the mean of the experimental group is less than of the control group. This study proves that the alternative termiticide from CRE could be used as a substitute for the commercial termiticide since no significant difference between CRE and commercial termiticide. Keywords: mortality rate, calamansi rind, calamansi rind extract, termites, termiticide

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and above all, we praise God, the Almighty for providing

us

this

opportunity

and

granting

us

the

capability to proceed successfully. This research appears in its current form due to the guidance of several people. We would therefore like to offer our sincere thanks to them. We thank Mrs. Nanette Jalon, our research adviser, thanks for accepting us as her research students, her warm encouragement, thoughtful guidance, critical comments and correction of the thesis. We also thank Mr. Gideon Legaspi, for his advises technical assistance with various problems all the time during our experimentation and conduction of the study in the laboratory. To our beloved family, we greatly appreciate their unending

,

morally

and

financially

and

wide

understanding. We cannot finish this study without their help. We

are

thankful

also

to

all

our

friends

and

classmates, to Grade 10-Science Class students year 20162017 for the joyful gatherings and s.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Certification and Approval Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . i Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Scope and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Research Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Materials, Equipment and Apparatus . . . . . . . 12 Experimental Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Experimental Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Statistical Treatment of Data. . . . . . . . . . 18 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program v Sub-Problem 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Sub-Problem 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Sub-Problem 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Appendix A (Intel ISEF Form) . . . . . . . . . . 31 Appendix B (Research Plan) . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Appendix C (Research Journal). . . . . . . . . . 48 Appendix D (Raw Data). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Appendix

E

(Plates

of

Different

Materials

and

Procedures). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Appendix F (Computation of Raw Data). . . . . . .65 Curriculum Vitae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 1 INTRODUCTION Termites (Isoptera) has been known closely related to cockroaches and ants and it belongs to the order of Isoptera. It has been called as white ant and a silent destroyers

because

of

the

ability

to

infests

infrastructures, houses amd furnitures that are made of wood. It consume cellulose-based plant materials, which all houses with their construction type, may provide termites cellulose food for their infestation. (Resh & Cardé, 2003) Moreover, Capinera (2008) stated that termites are also major agricultural pest as they attack other plants and they build their mounds making of difficult for the farmers to do the field activities especially to operate farming machinery. Savalekar (2013) studied that termites cause tons and tons of damages each year. Their primary food

are

insulation

woods and

but

they

filtration

also

feed

system.

on

paper,

Termites

may

books, cause

damage to living trees and shrubs. In order to treat termite infestation effectively, they will use commercial termite pesticide necessary. But it contains hazardous and venomous chemicals that can affect children and also the environment and at the same time it costs expensively (Menconi et al., 1988).

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 2 Although there are some study to treat termites, based from the study of Latorreto (2005), the researcher used ethanolic extract acacia seeds and bark against termites. Another study from Bagao C., et al (2013), tubatuba leaf extract was utilized as an termite repellant. Cacapit et al. (2009) found also that chromolaena odorata leaf extract solution is effective in killing the sample termites with the shortest length of time. Nevertheless, this study was inspired to the study of Abadinas (2014) entitled "An Investigative Study of Calamansi Fruit Used as an Organic Termite Terminator." The focus of the study is to know the effectiveness of calamansi juice extract in eliminating the termites. With the of the study of Tecson et al.(2005) proved that D-limonene which is an active substance of calamansi rind

is

extracted

by

the

process

of

hydro-steam

distillation. It is proved that the d-limonene is the main component of the calamansi rind which is non-polar and an aromatic solvent. Hahn and Pellitteri (2016) stated also that calamansi rind has D-Limonene that it is the major constituent compound chemical found in the citrus fruits can be deterrent and pesticide against insects as it will provide a defensive barrier.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 3 Calamansi is a green, small,and round citrus fruit that is ubiquitous in the Philippines. Calamansi-a kind of

citrus

country,

fruit but

that

it

was

is

not

known

well-known outside

the

outside country

the as

calamodin, is indigenous in the Philippines because of its tropical climate (Benedicte et al., 2014). According to the

Department

of

Agriculture,

producing region of calamansi

MIMAROPA

is

a

major

wherein almost 60% of the

country's production is ed in this region and 38% of the country's area is planted with calamansi. Calamansi specially the juice itself is

used in

different way such as food flavoring and cooking, cleaning agent, skin lightening, stain removal, deodorizer and also for medicinal purposes. Calamansi has an important use in everyday life of the Filipino especially in palatable. But, the rind of the calamansi is being discarded and thrown as a waste after extracting the calamansi juice on its fruit which can be an augment to the volume of solid biodegradable

waste

in

the

there

are

some

Philippines

(Anzaldo

&

Briones,1993). However,

studies

that

utilized

calamansi rind in their study. Shenh-min et al. (2012) cited that essential oil from citrus was used mainly in food industries, chemical products and healthcare field.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 4 Maria

et

al.

(2012)

said

that

citrus

species

are

a

potential source of variable oil that might be utilized for

industrial

components. calamansi

application

Esteban extract

et.al. against

and

as

(2012) the

pharmaceutical

used

dalandan

mortality

rate

and of

cockroaches. The study of Galvez et. al. (2014) used also dalandan peelings and calamansi extract against fire ant. To sum-up, this study aims to make an alternative termiticide out of calamansi rind extract economically and eco-friendly. This study wanted to find out also the effectiveness of calamansi rind extract using different concentrations.

Statement of the Problem This

study

calamansi

rind

aims

to

extract

test

the

(CRE)

effectiveness

as

an

of

alternative

termiticide. Specifically, it attempts to answer the following questions: 1. What is the mean of the mortality rate of termites using

different

extract

concentration

(experimental

pesticide (control group)?

group)

of

calamansi and

rind

commercial

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 5 2. Is there a significant difference on mean mortality rate of termites using different concentration of CRE? 3. Which pesticide is more effective, CRE or commercial pesticide?

Hypotheses Based

on

the

research

questions

identified,

the

proponents formulated the following null hypotheses: 1. The mean of the mortality rate of termites is not affected by the different concentration of calamansi rind

extract

(experimental

group)

and

commercial

pesticide (control group). 2. There is no significant difference on mean mortality rate of termites using different concentration of CRE. 3. Neither CRE nor commercial pesticide is effective as pesticide against termites.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 6 Scope and Limitation The study was conducted at the Chemistry Research Laboratory

of

De

La

Salle

University-Dasmarinas,

Dasmarinas, Cavite, under the supervision of a Licensed Chemist-Laboratory Supervisor of the Institution; and at the Science Laboratory of Carmona National High School, Carmona, Cavite. In order to focus specifically on the effectiveness of calamansi rind extract as an alternative termiticide, this study discussed only (1) the mean of the mortality rate

of

termites

using

different

concentration

of

calamansi rind extract (experimental group) and commercial pesticide (control group)(2) the significant difference on

mortality

rate

of

termites

using

different

concentration of CRE (3) the effectiveness of mortality rate between calamansi rind termiticide and the commercial pesticide. This study was limited only on the effectiveness of calamansi rind from calamansi wastes. The study will be confined mainly on termites, since termites feed on the woods and

furniture when they infests inside the houses

which can render the damages of the structures unlivable.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 7 Other factors that will affect the mortality rate of termites

apart from the concentration of calamansi rind

extract will not be covered in this study.

Significance of the Study Households The

study

of

calamansi

rind

extract

as

an

alternative termiticide has important implications in

solving

a

problem

or

need

of

the

people

specifically those simple households against termite infestation which can cause severe damages to the houses

as

austerity

they

feed

measures.

primarily Likewise,

on

woods

and

termiticide

for from

calamansi rind extract has a strong socioeconomic impact to households because it will provide them with a low cost all natural pesticide. However, the researchers will use calamansi rind thrown as wastes after it was extracted and calamansi was widely cultivated in the tropical countries such as the Philippines.

APPEC, Golden Mile Business Park More so,

the study is relevant to the APPEC,

Golden Mile Business Park in Maduya, Carmona, Cavite

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 8 on their solid waste management making calamansi rind zero waste and "trash turns to cash". It changes the way

calamansi

rind

are

viewed

from

garbage

to

innovation. These organic materials are easily found turning a more productive product.

Future Researchers Moreover, this study has a great influence for the

future

researchers

in

enriching

research

instruments, methods and strategies. It can provide basic ideas and knowledge relating to this research especially the related literature and related studies that the future proponents will need.

Definition of The

following

operationally



and/or

utilized

conceptually

in

the

defined

study for

were

common

understanding. Calamansi. A small hybrid citrus tree. Its small tart fruit resembling the mandarin and used especially in marmalades. Citrus.

Any

juicy

fruit

(such

as

an

orange,

grapefruit or lemon) or any of a group of often thorny trees and shrubs (Citrus and related genera) of the rue

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 9 family grown in warm regions for their edible fruit with firm usually thick rind and pulpy flesh. Essence. A flavoring ingredient, mainly used in a number of recipes to give them the flavoring and/or aroma of the original ingredient and usually in a water and alcohol form. Essential Oil. A natural oil typically obtained by distillation and having the characteristic fragrance of the plant or other source from which it is extracted. A concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. Hexane.

Any

of

several

isomeric

volatile

liquid

alkanes C6H14 found in petroleum. The main use of hexane is as a solvent to extract edible oils from seed and vegetable crops. Lecithin.

Any

of

several

waxy

hygroscopic

phospholipids that are widely distributed in animals and plants,

form

colloidal

solutions

in

water,

and

have

emulsifying, wetting, and antioxidant properties. Limonene. A widely distributed terpene hydrocarbon C10H16 that occurs in essential oils (as of oranges or lemons) and has a lemon odor. Mortality Rate. The number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a particular cause.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 10 Mounds. Small hill or pile of dirt or stones Rind. The tough, outer skin of some fruits that is usually removed before the fruit is eaten. Rotary

Evaporation.

A

device

used

in

chemical

laboratories for the efficient and gentle removal of solvents from samples by evaporation. Sonication. The act of applying high frequency sound waves

to

agitate

particles

in

a

sample,

for

various

purposes espescially in disrupting cells and extraction processes. Steam distillation. A special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromaticm compounds. It once was a popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds, but has become obsolete by vacuum distillation. Steam distillation

remains

important

in

certain

industrial

sectors. Termites. It is a kind of soft, white social insects belong to the infraorder of Isoptera that lives in groups, eats wood, and causes a lot of damage to wooden structures. Termiticide. A kind of pesticide against termites.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 11 METHODOLOGY Research Design Experimental

method

was

used

in

the

study,

particularly, parallel-group design. This design is most appropriate

because

four

groups

are

used

as

the

experimental group which is the different concentration of calamansi rind extract (CRE), namely, 25% CRE, 50% CRE, 75% CRE, and 100% that would be compared to the result of commercial pesticide which would serve as control group.

Research Paradigm INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Concentration of calamansi rind extract

Mortality rate

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Effectiveness of Calamansi Rind Extract as an Alternative Termiticide In

this

study,

the

independent

variable

is

the

concentration of calamansi rind extract, where the extract would

affect

the

dependent

variable.

The

dependent

variable is the mortality rate of termites while the time interval of the trials would be controlled in this study.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 12 Materials, Equipment and Apparatus The materials used in this study are 1000 grams of chopped calamansi rind, 500 mL of hexane, 3 mL of lecithin, 6 liters of distilled water and 5 packs of ice. Table 1 shows the materials used in the effectiveness of calamansi rind extract as an alternative termiticide. Table 1 Materials used in the Effectiveness of Calamansi Rind Extract as an Alternative Termiticide Materials Chopped Calamansi Rind Hexane Lecithin Disitilled Water Ice

Quantity 1000 Grams 500 Milliters 3 Milliters 6 Liters 5 Packs

The equipment and utensils used in the effectiveness of calamansi rind extract as an alternative component of termiticide are as follows: sonicator apparatus, rotary evaporator apparatus, analytical balance scale, spoon, stirring rod, funnel, beaker, cylinder, fluorence flask, stopwatch or timer, kitchen knives, chopping board, petri dishes,

spray

bottle,

aluminum

foil,

filter

paper,

cheesecloth, tissue, syringe, glass container. Table 2 shows the equipment and utensils used in the effectivenes of calamansi rind extract as an alternative termiticide.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 13 Table 2 Equipment and Utensils used in the Effectiveness of Calamansi Rind Extract as an Alternative Termiticide Equipment and Utensils Sonicator Apparatus Rotary Evaporator Apparatus Analytical Balance Scale Spoon Stirring Rod Funnel Beaker Cylinder Fluorence Flask Stopwatch or Timer Kitchen Knives Chopping Board Petri Dishes Spray Bottle Aluminum Foil Filter Paper Cheesecloth Tissue Syringe Glass Container

Quantity 1 Unit 1 Unit 1 Unit 2 Pieces 3 Pieces 3 Pieces 4 Pieces 3 Pieces 2 Pieces 1 Unit 2 Units 2 Units 13 Pieces 5 Units 1 Roll 10 Sheets 1 Unit 1 Pack 3 Unit 1 Unit

Experimental Procedure Preparation of Calamansi Rind The materials were gathered. The calamansi rind collected in APPEC, Golden Mile Business were washed thoroughly in a pail of water to remove unwanted dirt. Using the strainer, the rind were squeezed gently to eliminate water after it were washed. The rind were chopped using the chopping board and kitchen knives

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 14 into small pieces for easier extraction of essential oil.

Sonication of Chopped Calamansi Rind A 1000 grams of chopped calamansi rind was gathered using the analytical balance. A 400ml of hexane was added to 200 grams of calamansi rind using the funnel and graduated cylinder and it was covered with aluminum foil enable to preserve the hexane so it will not evaporate easily. A beaker with 400 mL hexane and 200 grams calamansi rind were placed in a sonicator for 20 minutes. Sonication was used to disrupt or extract essential oil from calamansi rind by exposing it into high frequency of sound waves. (Bader, 2014).

Filtration The disrupted calamansi rind were separated to the extract using the filter paper and were placed in a cheesecloth to squeezed the remaining extract.

Distillation The hydrosteam distillation or commonly known as rotary evaporator was used to separate the hexane

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 15 from calamansi rind extract in which the hexane would evaporate and the essential oil

will remain. The

temperature was set at 60oC and 80 rpm for 40 minutes. The process was repeated until the desired amount was collected (Biwal, 2015).

Preparation of Different Concentration To prepare 25% calamansi rind extract (CRE), 2.5 mL of CRE was added to 6.5 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of lecithin. In 50% CRE, 5 mL of CRE was added to 4 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of lecithin. And to prepare 75% CRE, 7.5 mL of CRE was added to 1.5 mL of

distilled

water

and

1

mL

of

lecithin.

Five

identical spray bottles were prepared and labelled 25% CRE, 50% CRE, 75% CRE, 100% CRE and commercial pesticide respectively. Each spray bottle was filled with the amount of CRE corresponds to its label. (Abanidas, 2014). See figure 2.

Data Gathering Procedure Fifteen petri dishes were used in the study. Three trials was done for experimental group and for commercial group. Three petri dishes for treatment 1, 25% CRE; three petri dishes for treatment 2, 50% CRE; three petri dishes

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 16 for treatment 3, 75% CRE; and also three petri dishes for treatment 4, 100& CRE; and three petri dish for commercial pesticide. Ten termites were placed inside each petri dishes

and

sprayed

thrice

with

the

corresponding

treatment. The timer was set right after the spraying of each petri dish. The number of termites died in each petri dish were counted and recorded right after the 30 minutes of observation.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 17 Experimental Flowchart

Collecting Calamansi Rind

Washing Calamansi Rind

Chopping Calamansi Rind

Sonication of Calamansi Rind

Filtration of Calamansi Rind

Distilation of Calamansi Rind

Preparation of Different Concentration

25% CRE + 75% Water

50% CRE + 50% Water

75% CRE + 25% Water

100% CRE (Pure Extract)

Application to Termites as Termiticide

Figure 2. Experimental Flowchart

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 18 Statistical Treatment The

statistical

tools

used

in

analyzing

and

interpreting the data in this study are the mortality test and Paired T-test. The mortality test was used to find the mortality rate of termites. The mortality rate is calculated by taking all number of died termites in a given time interval and divided to the total number of the termite population.

Mortality rate =

Number of termites died Number of termites

Paired T-test was used to determine the significant difference

of

termite

mortality

rate

in

different

concentration of calamansi rind extract. Microsoft Office Excel 2010 was employed to interpret and analyze the data. To find the effectiveness between the experimental and control group, the mean mortality rate of termites were

compared.

The

higher

termite

mortality

determines, the termiticide effectiveness.

rate

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 19 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This presents the interpreted data that answers the specific problem of the study and further enriched through the discussion. Sub-Problem 1. What is the mean of the mortality rate of termites using different concentration of calamansi rind extract (experimental group) and commercial pesticide (control group)? The following data are the results of the mean of mortality rate of termites using different concentrations of

CRE

(expiremental

group)

and

commercial

pesticide

(control group). The average of three consecutive trials was computed and the results are presented in the table. Table 3 The Mean of Mortality Rate of Termites Using Different Concentrations of CRE (Experimental Group) and Commercial Termiticide (Control Group) Termiticides Experimental Group (Different concentration of CRE) 25% CRE 50% CRE 75% CRE 100% CRE Control Group (Commercial pesticide) Termex

Mortality Rate of Termites

63.33% 78.89% 95% 96% 100%

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 20

LEGEND: Mortality Rate Of Termites Survival Rate Of Termites

Figure 3. Mean Mortality rate of Termites using Different Concentrations of CRE (Experimental Group) and Commercial Pesticide (Control Group) Table 3 shows the mean of mortality rate of termites using different concentrations of CRE (expiremental group) and commercial pesticide (control group). The effect on mortality rate of termites using 25% CRE is 63.33%, in 50% CRE is 78.89%, in 75% is 95%, in 100% CRE is 96.11%, and in commercial pesticide is 100%. Based from Abanidas, J. (2014) pure calamansi extract used as a termite terminator is directly proportional with the eliminating effect to termites. Calamansi Juice has a potential to be an alternative to commercially available termites terminators. According to him, water can greatly affect

the

efficacy

of

calamansi

juice

as

termite

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 21 terminator. The more water added to calamanasi juice, the more it loses its effect in eliminating termites. It has also been known that the greater the concentration of the calamansi

juice,

the

more

effective

it

is

as

to

eliminating termites. From the study of Aguhod, W. et. al.(2012), Termite”,

“The they

Chilli also

concentration in order

Pepper

Leaf

recommended

Extract

to

Against

increase

the

to eliminate more termites. After

the treatment of calamansi rind extract, the mortality rate of termites was increase as the CRE increases.

Sub-Problem 2. Is there a significant difference on mean mortality rate of termites using different concentration of CRE? Table 4 Interpretation of Mean Mortality Rate of Termites Between Using CRE (Experimental Group) and Termex (Control Group) Concent rations 25% & 50%

Computed PValue 0.006894804

Tabular Value 0.05

Test Statistics -3.714558152

Critical Value 2.01504373

25% & 75%

0.005179287

0.05

-3.996575774

2.01504373

25% & 100%

0.005858363

0.05

-3.873665108

2.01504373

50% & 75%

0.007435436

0.05

-3.642091102

2.01504373

50% & 100%

0.008342963

0.05

-3.533025692

2.01504373

75% & 100%

0.181608734

0.05

-1

2.01504373

Interpretat ion With Significanc e With Significanc e With Significanc e With Significanc e With Significanc e No Significanc e

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 22 The

table

4

shows

comparison

between

different

termiticide concentrations. The 25% CRE was compared to 50% CRE having a computed t-stat of -3.714558152 and a tabular value of 2.01504373, which means there was a significance between the two. The 25% CRE was compared to 75% CRE having a computed t-stat of -3.996575774, which means there was a significance between the two. The 25% CRE was compared to 100% CRE having a computed t-stat of -3.873665108, which means there was a significance between the two. The 50% CRE was compared to 75% CRE having a computed t-stat of -3.642091102, which means there was a significance between the two. The 50% CRE was compared to 100% CRE having a computed t-stat of -3.533025692, which means there was a significance between the two. The 75% CRE was compared to 100% CRE having a computed t-stat of -1, which means there was no significance between the two. According to Hahn and Pellitteri (2016), the citrus fruits having a D-limonene can be a termiticide, as well as in exterminating termites and ants. The table above shows that

having

different

concentration

of

CRE

has

the

different effect on termites having a water as dilute. only

75%

termiticide

termiticide.

has

the

same

effect

on

100%

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 23 Sub-Problem 3. Which pesticide is more effective, CRE or commercial pesticide? Table 5 Interpretation of Mean Mortality Rate of Termites Between of Using 25% CRE (Experimental Group)and Termex (Control Group) Mean Mortality Mean Mortality Interpretation Rate of Rate of Termites Termites Using Using Termex 25% CRE 63.33% 100% Commercial termiticide is more effective than 25% CRE Table 6 Interpretation of Mean Mortality Rate of Termites Between of Using 50% CRE (Experimental Group)and Termex (Control Group) Mean Mortality Mean Mortality Interpretation Rate of Rate of Termites Termites Using Using Termex 50% CRE 78.89% 100% Commercial termiticide is more effective than 50% CRE Table 7 Interpretation of Mean Mortality Rate of Termites Between of Using 75% CRE (Experimental Group)and Termex (Control Group) Mean Mortality Mean Mortality Interpretation Rate of Rate of Termites Termites Using Using Termex 75% CRE 95% 100% Commercial termiticide is more effective than 75% CRE

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 24 Table 8 Interpretation of Mean Mortality Rate of Termites Between of Using 100% CRE (Experimental Group)and Termex (Control Group) Mean Mortality Mean Mortality Interpretation Rate of Rate of Termites Termites Using Using Termex 100% CRE 96.11% 100% Commercial termiticide is more effective than 25% CRE The different concentrations of CRE and Termex were compared. The 25% CRE termiticide has a mean mortality rate of 63.33%, the 50% CRE has 78.89%, 75% CRE has 95% and 100% CRE has 96.11%, which was lower than the mortality rate of commercial termiticide of 100%. It shows that 25% CRE, 50% CRE, 75% CRE and 100% CRE were not effective as the commercial termiticide.

Conclusions Based on the findings of the study, the following could be inferred that: 1. The mean of the mortality rate of the termites using 25% CRE is 63.33%, 50% CRE is 78.80%, 75% CRE is 95%, 100% CRE is 96.11%.It s that using different concentration of CRE as termiticide, the mortality rate of termites varies. It shows that the water could greatly affect the effectiveness of

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 25 the said extract as termiticide.

The higher

concentration of CRE as termiticide, the higher the mortality rate of termites has. 2. The mean mortality rate of termites using different concentration of CRE has a significant difference. It shows that having different concentration of CRE has the same effect on termites. 3. The termiticide from CRE is not effective as the commercial

termiticide,

since

the

mean

of

the

experimental group is less than of the control group but it could be used as an alternative one.

Recommendations In the light of the purpose of this study, the following recommendations are hereby suggested: 1. To

test

the

termiticide

from

CRE

as

pesticide

against other agricultural pests. 2. The application of the termite exterminator from CRE on

termites

on

their

natural

habitat

was

also

the

same

recommended. 3. To

compare

the

CRE

as

pesticide

with

concentration to the commercial pesticide.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 26 4. To test the shelf-life of effectiveness of CRE termiticide. 5. To lengthen the course of the study.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 27 BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Books Benedict, J., Crowley, J., Enocksson, A., & Verdant, B.(2014). Philippine Calamansi Association Inc.Cornell University, New York. Calmorin, L.,&Calmorin, M. (2007). Research Methods and Thesis Writing Second Edition. Quezon City, Philippines: Rex Printing Company, Inc. B. Thesis/Dissertations Abadinas, J.(2014). The Investigative Study on Calamansi Fruit used as an Organic Termite Terminator.[Prezi]. Retrieved from URL https://prezi.com/m/wt2gw7c1jxvglaninvestigative-using-calamansi-fruit/ Aguhod, W., Lumasag, J., & Romano, C.(2012). The Insecticidal Potential of Chili Pepper Leaf Extract Against Termites. Unpublished Thesis.Philippine Science High School, Quezon City, Philippines. Bagao, C., Evangelista, R., &Malalis, K. (2013). Tuba-tuba Leaves Extract as an Termite Repellant and Toxicant.Unpublished Thesis. Cacapit, R. (2009). The Termicidal Potential of Chromolaenaodorota L. R. M. King and H. Robinson (Hagonoy).Unpublished Thesis. Chu,

G., & Tim, A. (2012).Calamansi (Citrofortunellamicrocarpa) and Onions (Alliumcepa) Extract as Cockroach Killer. Unpublished Thesis.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 28 Esteban, D., Reyes, V., Tolentino, T.,&Jungco, D. (2012). Effectivityof Dalandan (Citrus auranttium) and Calamansi (Citrofortunellamicrocarpa) Extract as an Insecticide. Unpublished Thesis. Sto.Nino De Novaliches, Novaliches, Quezon City, Philippines. Galvez, L., Macaisa, M., Rivera, J.,& Ng, J. (2014). Dalandan (Citrus auranttium Linn.) and Calamansi (Citrofortunellamicrocarpa) Extract as an Alternative Fire Ant Killer. Unpublished Thesis.De La Salle University-Integrated School, Laguna, Philippines. Latorreto, P. (2005). Insecticidal Property of Acacia Seeds and Bark Against Termites.Unpublished Thesis. Ramada, K. A. (2014). Calamansi and Onion Extract as Cockroach Killer.Unpublished Thesis. Tecson, N. O., Violago, V. V., Velayo, M. C. C. (2005).D-Limonene From Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) Rind Extract:An Effective Dissolution Agent of Expanded Polystyrene Foam. Unpublished Thesis. San Miguel, Bulacan, Philippines.

C. Journals, Magazines and Periodicals Anzaldo, F. E., & Briones, A. V. (1993).Studies on the Utilization of Citrus Wastes. NR Research Journal,2(3), 115-116. Retrieved from journal http://www.herdin.ph/index.php/partners?view=r esearch&cid=31002 Maria, C., et. al. (2012). Characterization of Volatile Compounds in the Essential Oil of Sweet

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 29 Lime. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 72(2), p. 275. Menconi,S. et. al. (1988). A Preliminary Study of Potential Human Health Effects in Private Residences Following Chlordane Applications for Termite Control. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3263084 Resh, V. & Cardé, R. (2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. Amsterdam: Academic. Savalekar, S. (2013). Professional Termite Management. Intermational Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 1(6), 217-221. Retrieved from http://ijair.org//components/com_ jresearch/files/publications/IJAIR_146_Final.p df Sheng-min,L., Ying-Chun, S., & Yang, Y. (2012). Research progress on Extraction and Refining of citrus Essential oil. Institute of food science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. D. Websites Calamansi.(2016, July). Retrieved from http://thecasadelorenzo.com (2013) Do

URL:

Termites Bite?. (2003). Retrieved from http://www.orkin.com/termites/do-termitesbite/

Termite. (2016, August).Retrieved from URL: https://www.britannica.com/animal/termite

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 30

Value Chain Analysis for Fresh Calmansi in Oriental Mindoro. (2012). Retrieved from http://drive.daprdp.net/iplan/vca/Calamansi%20 VCA%20(ORIENTAL%20MINDORO).pdf

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 31

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 32

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 33

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 34

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 35

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 36

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 37

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 38

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 39 APPENDIX B Research Plan Title: EFFECTIVENESS OF CALAMANSI RIND (Citrofortunella microcarpa) EXTRACT AS AN ALTERNATIVE TERMITICIDE Name of Proponents: Calderon, Gabrielle V. ; Paculdo, Jorilyn A. ; Restrivera, Tricia L. ; Sugatan, Johny Omar A. School: Carmona National High School A. Problems Calamansi fruit is endemic in the Philippines and have an economical value in nation's palatable. But right after it was extracted, calamansi wastes, specifically calamansi rind, usually thrown as wastes and would be an augment to the total volume of biodegradable wastes. The reduction of the volume of calamansi rind wastes from APPEC Company, powdered juice factory, and utilizing it into

economical

termiticide

would

greatly

help

the

community in making profits and the APPEC in diminishing their wastes output. The termiticide made from calamansi rind extract could be more economical and environment friendly when used, since this material is just given by the APPEC. The utilization of this material into a useful product could be of great help for the households in providing cheaper, less hazardous and less toxic pesticide against other termites.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 40 Statement of the Problem This

study

aims

to

test

the

effectiveness

of

calamansi rind extract as an alternative termiticide. Specifically, it attempts to answer the following questions: 1. What is the mean of the mortality rate of termites using different concentration of calamansi rind extract (experimental group) and commercial pesticide (control group)? 2. Is there a significant difference on mean mortality rate of termites using different concentration of CRE? 3. Based on the data gathered, which pesticide is more effective, CRE or commercial pesticide?

Hypotheses Based

on

the

research

questions

identified,

the

proponents formulated the following null hypotheses: 1. The mean of the mortality rate of termites is not affected by the different concentration of calamansi rind extract

(experimental

group)

and

commercial

pesticide

(control group). 2. There is no significant difference on mean mortality rate of termites using different concentration of CRE.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 41 3. Neither CRE nor commercial pesticide is effective as pesticide against termites.

B. Methodology Experimental Procedure Preparation of Calamansi Rind The materials will be gathered. The calamansi rind collected in APPEC, Golden Mile Business will be washed

thoroughly

in

a

pail

of

water

to

remove

unwanted dirts. Using the strainer, the rind will be squeezed

gently

to

eliminate

water

after

it

was

washed. The rind will be chopped using the chopping board and kitchen knives into a small pieces for easier extraction of essential oil.

Sonication of Chopped Calamansi Rind A 1000 grams of chopped calamansi rind will be gathered using the analytical balance. A 400 ml of hexane will be added to 200 grams of calamansi rind using the funnel and graduated cylinder and it will be covered with aluminum foil in order to keep the hexane into the beaker because hexane can evaporate easily. A beaker with 400 mL hexane and 200 grams calamansi rind will be placed in a sonicator for 20

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 42 minutes. Sonication will be used to disrupt or extract essential oil from calamansi rind by exposing into high frequency of sound waves. (Bader, 2014).

Filtration The disrupted calamansi rind will be separated to the extract using the filter paper and will be placed in a cheesecloth to squeeze the remaining extract.

Distillation The hydrosteam distillation or commonly known as rotary evaporator will be used to separate the hexane from calamansi rind extract in which the hexane will evaporate and the essential oil will remain. The temperature will be set at 60oC and 80 rpm for 40 minutes.

The

process

will

be

repeated

until

the

desired amount was collected (Biwal, 2015).

Preparation of Different Concentration To prepare 25% calamansi rind extract (CRE), 2.5 mL of CRE will be added to 6.5 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of lecithin. In 50% CRE, 5 mL of CRE will be

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 43 added to 4 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of lecithin. And to prepare 75% CRE, 7.5 mL of CRE will be added to 1.5 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of lecithin. Five identical spray bottles will be prepared and labelled 25% CRE, 50% CRE, 75% CRE, 100% CRE and commercial pesticide respectively. Each spray bottle will be placed the amount of CRE corresponds to its label. (Abanidas, 2014).

Data Gathering Procedure Fifteen petri dishes will be used in the study. Three trials

will

be

done

for

experimental

group

and

for

commercial group. Three petri dishes for treatment 1, 25% CRE; three petri dishes for treatment 2, 50% CRE; three petri dishes for treatment 3, 75% CRE; and also three petri dishes for treatment 4, 100& CRE; and 3 petri dishes for commercial pesticide. Ten termites will be placed inside each petri dishes and sprayed thrice with the corresponding treatment. The timer will start right after spraying in each petri dish.

The number of termites died

in each petri dish will be counted and recorded after the 30-minutes observation.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 44 C. Statistical Treatment of Data The statistical tools to be used in analyzing and interpreting the data are the following: 1. Mean of mortality test will be used to find the mean mortality

rate

of

termites

using

different

concentration of calamansi rind extract (CRE) and commercial pesticide. 2. Paired

T-test

will

be

used

to

determine

the

significant difference on mortality rate of termites using different concentration of CRE.

D. Bibliography A.Books Benedict, J., Crowley, J., Enocksson, A., & Verdant, B.(2014). Philippine Calamansi Association Inc.Cornell University, New York. Calmorin, L.,&Calmorin, M. (2007). Research Methods and Thesis Writing Second Edition. Quezon City, Philippines: Rex Printing Company, Inc. B. Thesis/Dissertations Abadinas, J.(2014). The Investigative Study on Calamansi Fruit used as an Organic Termite Terminator.[Prezi]. Retrieved from URL https://prezi.com/m/wt2gw7c1jxvglaninvestigative-using-calamansi-fruit/ Aguhod, W., Lumasag, J., & Romano, C.(2012). The Insecticidal Potential of Chili Pepper Leaf

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 45 Extract Against Termites. Unpublished Thesis.Philippine Science High School, Quezon City, Philippines. Bagao, C., Evangelista, R., &Malalis, K. (2013). Tuba-tuba Leaves Extract as an Termite Repellant and Toxicant.Unpublished Thesis. Cacapit, R. (2009). The Termicidal Potential of Chromolaenaodorota L. R. M. King and H. Robinson (Hagonoy).Unpublished Thesis. Chu,

G., & Tim, A. (2012).Calamansi (Citrofortunellamicrocarpa) and Onions (Alliumcepa) Extract as Cockroach Killer. Unpublished Thesis.

Esteban, D., Reyes, V., Tolentino, T.,&Jungco, D. (2012). Effectivityof Dalandan (Citrus auranttium) and Calamansi (Citrofortunellamicrocarpa) Extract as an Insecticide. Unpublished Thesis. Sto.Nino De Novaliches, Novaliches, Quezon City, Philippines. Galvez, L., Macaisa, M., Rivera, J.,& Ng, J. (2014). Dalandan (Citrus auranttium Linn.) and Calamansi (Citrofortunellamicrocarpa) Extract as an Alternative Fire Ant Killer. Unpublished Thesis.De La Salle University-Integrated School, Laguna, Philippines. Latorreto, P. (2005). Insecticidal Property of Acacia Seeds and Bark Against Termites.Unpublished Thesis. Ramada, K. A. (2014). Calamansi and Onion Extract as Cockroach Killer.Unpublished Thesis.

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 46 Tecson, N. O., Violago, V. V., Velayo, M. C. C. (2005).D-Limonene From Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) Rind Extract:An Effective Dissolution Agent of Expanded Polystyrene Foam. Unpublished Thesis. San Miguel, Bulacan, Philippines. C. Journals, Magazines and Periodicals Anzaldo, F. E., & Briones, A. V. (1993).Studies on the Utilization of Citrus Wastes. NR Research Journal,2(3), 115-116. Retrieved from journal http://www.herdin.ph/index.php/partners?view=r esearch&cid=31002 Maria, C., et. al. (2012). Characterization of Volatile Compounds in the Essential Oil of Sweet Lime. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 72(2), p. 275. Menconi,S. et. al. (1988). A Preliminary Study of Potential Human Health Effects in Private Residences Following Chlordane Applications for Termite Control. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3263084 Resh, V. & Cardé, R. (2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. Amsterdam: Academic. Savalekar, S. (2013). Professional Termite Management. Intermational Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 1(6), 217-221. Retrieved from http://ijair.org//components/com_ jresearch/files/publications/IJAIR_146_Final.p df Sheng-min,L., Ying-Chun, S., & Yang, Y. (2012). Research progress on Extraction and Refining of

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 47 citrus Essential oil. Institute of food science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. D. Websites Calamansi.(2016, July). Retrieved from http://thecasadelorenzo.com (2013) Do

URL:

Termites Bite?. (2003). Retrieved from http://www.orkin.com/termites/do-termitesbite/

Termite. (2016, August).Retrieved from URL: https://www.britannica.com/animal/termite Value Chain Analysis for Fresh Calmansi in Oriental Mindoro. (2012). Retrieved from http://drive.daprdp.net/iplan/vca/Calamansi%20 VCA%20(ORIENTAL%20MINDORO).pdf

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 48 APPENDIX C Research Journal

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 49

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 50

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 51

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 52

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 53 APPENDIX D Raw Data Table 9 Mortality Rate of Temites Using 25%CRE Time Trials Interval 1 2 3 5 minutes 30% 30% 30% 10 minutes 50% 50% 40% 15 minutes 50% 50% 40% 20 minutes 70% 90% 80% 25 minutes 80% 90% 90% 30 minutes 80% 100% 90% General Average Table 10 Mortality Rate of Temites Using 50%CRE Time Trials Interval 1 2 3 5 minutes 60% 60% 50% 10 minutes 70% 60% 50% 15 minutes 90% 80% 60% 20 minutes 100% 100% 70% 25 minutes 100% 100% 80% 30 minutes 100% 100% 90% General Average

Average 30% 46.67% 46.67% 80% 86.67% 90% 63.33%

Average 56.67% 60% 76.67% 90% 93.33% 96.67% 78.89%

Table 11 Mortality Rate of Temites Using 75%CRE Time Trials Average Interval 1 2 3 5 minutes 70% 80% 90% 80% 10 minutes 80% 90% 100% 90% 15 minutes 100% 100% 100% 100% 20 minutes 100% 100% 100% 100% 25 minutes 100% 100% 100% 100% 30 minutes 100% 100% 100% 100% General Average 95%

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 54 Mortality Time Interval 5 minutes 10 minutes 15 minutes 20 minutes 25 minutes 30 minutes

Table 12 Rate of Temites Using 100%CRE Trials Average 1 2 3 90% 100% 70% 86.67% 90% 100% 80% 90% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% General Average 96.11%

Table 13 Mortality Rate of Termite Using Commercial Termiticide Time Trials Average Interval 1 2 3 5 minutes 100% 100% 100% 100% 10 minutes 100% 100% 100% 100% 15 minutes 100% 100% 100% 100% 20 minutes 100% 100% 100% 100% 25 minutes 100% 100% 100% 100% 30 minutes 100% 100% 100% 100% General Average 100%

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 55 APPENDIX E Plates of Different Materials and Procedures

Plate 1. Collecting Calamansi Rind

Plate 2. Washing of Calamansi Rind

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 56

Plate 3. Chopping of Calamansi Rind

Plate 4. Weighing Chopped Calamamsi Rind

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 57

Plate 5. Addition of Hexane

Plate 6. Sonication

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 58

Plate 7. Filtration

Plate 8. Distillation

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 59

Plate 9. Preparation of Different Concentrations of Termiticide

Plate 10. Spraying of Termites Using 25% CRE

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 60

Plate 11. Spraying of Termites Using 50% CRE

Plate 12. Spraying of Termites Using 75% CRE

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 61

Plate 13. Spraying of Termites Using 100% CRE

Plate 14. Spraying of Termites Using Termex

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 62

Plate 15. Calamansi Rind

Plate 16. Termites

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 63

Plate 17. Rotary Evaporator

Plate 18. Termex

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 64

Plate 19. Calamansi Rind, Calamansi Rind Extract, & Hexane

Plate 20. Termites in Different Petri Dishes (Experimental and Control Group)

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 65 APPENDIX F Computations Table 14 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means (25% CRE & 50%CRE) 25% of CRE 50% of CRE Mean 0.63335 0.7889 Variance 0.063998667 0.03007126 Observations 6 6 Pearson Correlation 0.952241475 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 5 t Stat -3.714558152 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.006894804 t Critical one-tail 2.015048373 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.013789607 t Critical two-tail 2.570581836 Table 15 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means (25% CRE & 75%CRE) 25% of CRE 75% of CRE Mean 0.63335 0.95 Variance 0.063998667 0.007 Observations 6 6 Pearson Correlation 0.787449935 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 5 t Stat -3.996575774 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.005179287 t Critical one-tail 2.015048373 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.010358574 t Critical two-tail 2.570581836

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 66 Table 16 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means (25% CRE & 100%CRE) 25% of CRE 100% of CRE Mean 0.63335 0.96 Variance 0.063998667 0.004 Observations 6 6 Pearson Correlation 0.791683245 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 5 t Stat -3.873665108 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.005858363 t Critical one-tail 2.015048373 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.011716727 t Critical two-tail 2.570581836 Table 17 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means (50% CRE & 75%CRE) 50% of CRE 75% of CRE Mean 0.7889 0.95 Variance 0.03007126 0.007 Observations 6 6 Pearson Correlation 0.873000818 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 5 t Stat -3.642091102 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.007435436 t Critical one-tail 2.015048373 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.014870872 t Critical two-tail 2.570581836

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 67 Table 18 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means (50% CRE & 100%CRE) 50% of CRE 100% of CRE Mean 0.7889 0.96 Variance 0.03007126 0.004 Observations 6 6 Pearson Correlation 0.911752199 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 5 t Stat -3.533025692 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.008342963 t Critical one-tail 2.015048373 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.016685925 t Critical two-tail 2.570581836 Table 19 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means (75% CRE & 100%CRE) 75% of CRE 100% of CRE Mean 0.95 0.96 Variance 0.007 0.004 Observations 6 6 Pearson Correlation 0.98270763 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 5 t Stat -1 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.181608734 t Critical one-tail 2.015048373 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.363217468 t Critical two-tail 2.570581836

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 68 CURRICULUM VITAE

I. Personal Information 1.1 Name: Gabrielle V. Calderon 1.2 Birthday: September 06, 2000 1.3 Birthplace: Binan, Laguna 1.4 E-mail: [email protected] 1.5 Facebook : @gabriellecalderon.31

II. Educational Qualification 2.1 Year Completed: Grade 9 2.2 Current Year: Grade 10 2.3 Section: Science Class 2.4 School: Carmona National High School

III. Honors/ Awards Received 3.1 Grade 7 (2013-2014): 7th Honorable 3.2 Grade 8 (2014-2015): N/A 3.3 Grade 9 (2015-2016): N/A 3.4 Grade 10 (2016-2017): With Honours- 1st-3rd Grading

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 69

I. Personal Information 1.1 Name: Jorilyn A. Paculdo 1.2 Birthday: March 7, 2001 1.3 Birthplace: Silang, Cavite 1.4 E-mail: [email protected]

II. Educational Qualification 2.1 Year Completed: Grade 9 2.2 Current Year: Grade 10 2.3 Section: Science Class 2.4 School: Carmona National High School

III. Honors/ Awards Received 3.1 Grade 7 (2013-2014): N/A 3.2 Grade 8 (2014-2015): 7th Honorable 3.3 Grade 9 (2015-2016): 5th Honorable 3.4 Grade 10 (2016-2017): With Honours- 1st-3rd Grading

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 70

I. Personal Information 1.1 Name: Tricia L. Restrivera 1.2 Birthday: June 30, 2000 1.3 Birthplace: San Pedro, Laguna 1.4 E-mail: [email protected]

II. Educational Qualification 2.1 Year Completed: Grade 9 2.2 Current Year: Grade 10 2.3 Section: Science Class 2.4 School: Carmona National High School

III. Honors/ Awards Received 3.1 Grade 7 (2013-2014): 3.2 Grade 8 (2014-2015): N/A 3.3 Grade 9 (2015-2016): N/A 3.4 Grade 10 (2016-2017): With Honours- 1st-3rd Grading

Carmona National High School Carmona, Cavite Special Science Program 71

1.1 Personal Information 1.1 Name: Johny Omar A. Sugatan 1.2 Birthday: February 18, 2000 1.3 Birthplace: Carmona, Cavite 1.4 E-mail: [email protected]

II. Educational Qualification 2.1 Year Completed: Grade 9 2.2 Current Year: Grade 10 2.3 Section: Science Class 2.4 School: Carmona National High School

III. Honors/ Awards Received 3.1 Grade 7 (2013-2014): N/A 3.2 Grade 8 (2014-2015): N/A 3.3 Grade 9 (2015-2016): N/A 3.4 Grade 10 (2016-2017): With Honours- 1st-3rd Grading