Deep Soil Metal Detector Circuit v68j

Deep Soil Metal Detector Circuit Ground Scanner Posted by Swagatam Majumdar at 12:17 PM The post discusses a simple deep under soil metal detector circuit for evaluating hidden metals such as gold, iron, tin, brass etc by detecting change in the resistance of the relevant soil layers. Bigger physical objects which might be buried within the topsoil could be unveiled through a modification in the electrical resistance of the soil layer at various depths. The design is about a device which may be for implementing relative enhancements on the resistance of the soil. This particular application can be particularly handy in archaeological excavations.

The proposed deep soil metal detector instrument includes the measuring bridge (figure 1), the alternating voltage generator (fig 2) and the a couple of probes, sunken inside the soil.

The resistances across the soil layers, between the electrodes of probes are coupled to the input of the bridge arms, for measuring the parameters. Prior to measurement through 100 ohm resistor may be adjusted for bridging the balance so that the dial instrument readings are initially at the minimal.

The design of the probe represented in FIG.3 may e understood as follows: Each of the probes signifies the insulated rods having a diameter of around 1.5 mm. on the surface area of the bar along its axle, these are fixed electrodes in the form of six thin-walled tube, separated from each other. Each electrode probe with the aid of six cable connection is attached to the switch S1 measuring bridge, that in turn hooks up with one of the six pairs of electrodes together with the bridge. In this instance, each pair of electrodes at each of the positions of the switch S1 corresponds to the precise depth of the soil layer.

Soon after placing the probe on earth, in accordance with FIG. 4, the electrical resistance of the subsequent layers of soil located different depth is detected. Evaluating the values acquired from the resistance, you are able to draw a conclusion at what depth (which soil layer) are objects that might be changing the resistance of the soil. The space between the probes are pretty much decided on in each specific scenario. Occasionally, great outcomes could be obtained with distance that me approximately close to 2.4 m. The variable resistor of the bridge is 500 ohms as shown in the deep soil metal detector circuit diagram, is for controlling the sensitivity of the bridge depending on soil type being investigated. Courtesy: The Radio-Constructor, 1966, 8 Labels: Detectors Sensors Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to Facebook

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Accurate Proximity Detector Circuit Posted by Swagatam Majumdar at 1:46 PM The post explains a simple infrared (IR) based motion detector circuit which incorporates the IC LM567 for ensuring reliable and foolproof operations. The circuit also works as a obstacle or a proximity detector circuit.

I found this design on the net while searching for an accurate and reliable yet cheap proximity sensor circuit. The circuit may be understood with the help of the following description: Referring to the below shown infrared (IR) motion detector circuit, we see the design consisting of two main stages, one involving the IC LM567 while the other with the IC555. Basically the IC LM567 becomes the heart of the circuit which solely performs the functions of the generating/transmitting the IR frequency and also detecting the same. Moreover the IC has an internal phase locked loop circuitry which makes it highly reliable with frequency detecting circuit applications. It means once it reads and latches to a given frequency, its detection feature gets locked to that frequency and therefore any other stray disturbance no matter how strong it may be doesn't influence or rattle its functioning. An internal oscillator frequency determined by R3, C2 feeds the IR diode D274 via a current controlled stage consisting T1, R2. This frequency decides the center frequency of the chip.

With the above conditions the IC gets set and centered at the above frequency generating a constant high at its output pin#8. Input pin#3 of the IC waits to receive a frequency which may be exactly equal to the above "centered" frequency of the IC. The IR receiver or the sensor connected across pin#3 of the IC is positioned exactly for this purpose. As soon the IR beam from the LD274 finds an obstacle, its beam gets reflected and falls on the appropriately positioned detector diode BP104. The IR frequency from the LD274 now es to the input pin#3 of the IC, since this frequency will be exactly same to the set center frequency of the IC, the IC recognizes this and instantly switches its output from high to LOW. The above low trigger at pin#2 of the IC 555 which is configured as a monostable in turn switches its output high, causing the connected alarm to blow. The above condition persists for so long as the interruption from of the IR sensor/ detector stays and allows the beams to get reflected. With the inclusion of R9 and C5, the output of IC555 exhibits a certain delay off condition for the connected buzzer even after the motion or the obstacle moves away. For adjusting the delay-off effect, R9 and C5 may be tweaked as per preference. The circuit may also be used as a proximity detector and obstacle detector circuit.

Very Low Frequency (VLF) Detector Circuit Posted by hitman at 1:31 PM Low frequencies predominantly cover our earth's atmosphere. This range of frequency may be created by many different sources which may be quite unknown and strange, a VLF sensor equipment can be made to trace these frequencies for investigating the intriguing secrets hidden behind it. Steven Chiverton investigates.

This is the vlf receiver circuit that ive upgraded and modified it senses ac fields lightening and even receives ship and aircraft radio to now this is what the circuit looks like without the upgrades and modifications , ive even used a gravity wave detector circuit added to it and also other experimental circuits

this is my modifications to the vlf receiver circuit to sense lightening and em pulses and signals

Not very good at the technical explanation well ill give it a go the sensing signal booster on the far left hand side i bread boarded that to test it , to see if i can get more signal boost with it and the coil with its inductive nature pending on the amount of winds of thin wire and also the flux concentrator , this concentrate the em flux when a signal is induced into the coil and it increases sensitivity more , if you was to take it out the sensitivity and strength of signal would drop but then your in another mode as the circuit would still act as a lightening detector sensing lightening and the crackles will indicate that and the ac environment well it would sense that but at a lower response to it unless you re insert the flux concentrator core then the hum from ac mains will be increased a lot . now the vlf receiver section that will allow the signals from the sense head section to through , and very low frequency signals will through still but are filtered some more with the 0.1uf ceramics then it will still sense ac mains at a lower response with the flux concentrator core removed than it would with the core left through the coil so if your outside the electromagnetic environment leave the core in for maximum sensitivity , good idea noty to wear any battery operated watch as mine gets sensed so easily with my other 2 vlf receiver circuits and your ears will get a pounding from the loud ticks as the em pulses from your watch are greatly amplified through the whole circuit and the em signals from your watch are very low frequency signals so these signals will through the vlf receiver circuit to unimpeded

the last circuit is the audio amp section so you can plug head phones in to listen , also the vlf receiver circuit takes a 9 volts battery and its input voltage is linked to the front sense head section so they can both share one 9 volts battery the second nine volts battery powers the audio amp section and its good this way if you switch off the vlf receiver section the audio amp section appears to still be using some, of the circuit when power is removed from the vlf receiver section and you will still get some signals coming through it some how and ive got these same results with the first 2 other upgraded modified vlf receiver circuits and it can still sense em pulses from a ticking watch to but at a lower response to , the flux concentrator is made up of a number of barrel shaped toroid slipped over a stick or a pole shaped core and inserted through the coil , the circuit also sounds like a comic receiver for weird signals to with the core taken out so it dose what i think a vlf receiver dose then . the sense head setting has been constructed onto a bread board and tested with a already made vlf receiver with audio amp i forgot to mention the circuit also acts as a pick up as a radio or tape player when brought close to the sense coil the coil and circuit pickup the voices from the speakers of any tape player and may also do the same for a telephone also when i brought my handy cam close to it it sensed the em fields generated by it to heres some pictures of my vlf receiver circiut neatly installed, now I've emailed you agers ago a single stage version I found on the net this is my old double stage version its 2 in one and the coil is an electric shaver coil with transformer iron peace's trimmed and shoved in to concentrate the em flux for a stronger signal and like my other one I made some time ago this one can sense the em pulses from a ticking analogue watch over a foot away so imagine a ufo or underground installation this circiut doubled up hears nicely and even some other thing I do not yet know. the circiut has 2x vlf receivers linked and an audio amp and powered each section by a separate 9 volts nmh battery so 3 batteries are used and ones for the lm386 audio amp section. the original site on the net which I originally found this on says you can get more sensitivity by adding another stage so this is it . im confident I may be able to push this to the limit by integrating the 30 million gain circiut into the design and hear beyond anything others may not hear

How to Make a Ghost Detector Circuit Posted by hitman at 10:40 AM Do you believe in the existence of ghosts? Well some of you may answer positively while some may just nod their heads showing sheer skepticism regarding the issue. Whatever may be the reactions; nobody just can’t deny or ignore the responses delivered from the circuit explained in this article. Here we are discussing a super simple yet super sensitive paranormal activity sniffer circuit, which can be effectively and possibly used for detecting ghosts or similar supernatural existence within a range of 10 meters. Many of these circuits may be built and posted at definite intervals for securing a certain premise having a large area. The circuit incorporates an alarm at the output which sounds immediately on detecting a paranormal intrusion. The circuit is ideally suited for areas that are prone to ghosts or likely of getting infested with similar para-natural sneakers. WARNING 1 – THE DEVICE HAS BEEN TESTED WITH POSITIVE RESULTS AND IS PROVED TO BE EXTREMELY ACCURATE WITH THE DISCUSSED DETECTIONS. FOLKS WITH WEAK HEARTS OR TENDER PERSONALITY ARE ADVISED NOT TO GO ABOUT WITH THIS DEVICE, BECAUSE THE DEVICE NOT ONLY DETECTS BUT ALSO COINCIDENTALLY HAS THE ABILITY OF ATTRACTING THE PARABEINGS. WARNING 2 – THE DEVICE CAN BE TESTED IN MORGUES, GRAVEYARDS, cemeteries etc. ZOMBIES ARE THE ONES WHICH ARE INSTANTLY DETECTED BY THIS DEVICE EVEN FROM DISTANCES MORE THAN 50 METERS. NO DOUBT CREATURE LIKE ZOMBIES WILL HATE THIS DEVICE….BEWARE. Concept It has been found through experiments by many researchers that paranormal occupancy is strongly accompanied by RF disturbances ranging from a few Hertz to many Kilohertz. These signals may be directly proportional to the hostile nature of the ghost. Zombies are found to be emitting the strongest signals and are therefore considered the most horrible among the lot.

The circuit of a ghost detector discussed here is typically configured for capturing the above

RF emissions from these creatures and transforming them into more human understandable electronic indications. Circuit Description A single versatile IC 324 is involved in the whole operation. The IC is a quad opamp IC, meaning four opamps in one package.

Referring to the figure, the opamps can be seen configured as hi gain non inverting amplifiers. All the opamps are configured as high gain signal amplifiers. Tiny electromagnetic or RF disturbances which are typically found being generated during the presence of ghosts or paranormal activities are instantly picked up by the antenna of the circuit and are fed to the input of the first opamp stage at pin #9. The signals get instantly amplified and are transferred to the subsequent stages for further amplification and enhancement. The output of the last opamp is connected to an opto-coupler. The optocoupler is a homemade type, incorporating an LED and an LDR fixed such that their emitting and detecting surfaces are placed face to face inside a light proof enclosure. Here, the optocoupler is used for sensing the LED illumination that may occur when a certain paranormal activity is sensed. The illumination produced over the LED is tracked by the LDR whose resistance falls with the LED light.

The fall in the resistance of the LDR activates the connected transistor at the output, which in turn actuates a buzzer or a horn indicating a possible ghost intrusion. The whole circuit may be built over a small piece of vero-board and should be strictly operated with a 9 volt battery. The whole system may be enclosed inside a plastic box with the antenna kept protruding out of the box. Parts List R1 = 100K, R2 = 2M2, R3, R4 = 1K, C1 = 0.01uF ceramic OP1 = LED/LDR assembly inside a light proof enclosure, T1 = BC557, B1 = Piezo Electric Buzzer READERS ARE REQUESTED TO SHARE THEIR EXPERIENCES WITH THIS DEVICE. A PHOTO OR A VIDEO PROOF WILL BE GREATLY APPRECIAT

Electronic Stethescope Amplifier Circuit Posted by Swagatam Majumdar at 5:23 PM The post explains how to make an electronic stethoscope amplifier circuit for enabling a loud audible reproduction of the heart beats which is being diagnosed. The article also reveals how the same can be applied within a cellphone through a wireless circuit. The idea was requested by Dr. Ankit. The Request Dear Sir, I would request you to help me with the following circuit "An Electronic Stethoscope". Significance- An ordinary stethoscope is a device used to listen to breathing and heart sounds. A hollow rubber tube is connected at one end to a disk shaped diaphragm (placed over the patient) and other end connected to as Y shape to the ear of listener. As breathing and heart sounds create slight vibrations, these make the diaphragm vibrate and then the sound is amplified in the disk and audible through the tube to the other end. In hospitals, often there is noise of other equipment hence the weak sounds transmitted by stethoscope are sometimes inaudible and important diagnosis missed by the listener. The Design - A circuit is requested that picks up sound vibrations from the diaphragm of the stethoscope and convert it to electronic signals that are then amplified and can be heard through a speaker loud enough that connecting to ears is not required and no sound is missed (even by less experienced practitioners).

The battery utilised may be small lightweight 4.5V or 6V (like ones used in rechargeable led torch) OR through mobile power banks since stethoscope must be portable and easy to carry at the same time avoiding wall socket connections for power supply. As an improvement of this circuit - If possible the circuit may derive power through an android phone directly AND again if possible the output signals may be visualized as a graph in the android screen. As there is no direct with ears, this will also prevent cross infection of ears as sometimes happens when one stethoscope is used by multiple s. Sir, with your expertise and further improvements, kindly advice on the circuit. Thanks Dr. Ankit

The Design The sound of a heart beat can be extremely weak and therefore it cannot be heard without a minimum suitable device such as a stethoscope. A stethoscope is a basic device which relies on picking and transferring the air vibrations through a tube into the ears of the . The vibrations are caused by the heart beats on the stethoscope's sensing diaphragm when it is brought at a close proximity to the chest where the heart is situated, and the diaphragm movement sets the air column inside the tube into a correspondingly push-pull vibrating motion This surely means that even though the air vibration or the sound vibration generated by the heart could be small enough but it's loud enough to be heard without the aid of electrical device, which implies that the sound may be sufficiently strong to be amplified using an audio amplifier, because if a naked ear can hear these minute vibrations so can the amplifier MIC. In order to reproduce the sound over a loudspeaker, the signal needs to be amplified

significantly and also in the course it must be suitably prpcessed to remove any associated disturbances. The circuit diagram of the proposed electronic stethoscope amplifier is designed using two stages, one consisting of the opamp based tone control circuit, and the integrated proper amplifier stage. The tone control stage is built around the opamp 741, and with the help of the associated RC networks and the pots. The upper pot controls the low frequency limit, while the lower pot is used to control the upper frequency limit. Both these pots can be appropriately set for achieving the best possible sound clarity. In addition to the sound processing, the opamp stage also acts like a preamplifier for elevating the very low amplitude of the heart beat pulses to a suitable level for the power amplifier input. This enables the power amplifier to pick the signals at above the required minimum detectable level and amplify it on the loudspeakers optimally. The main sensing stage of this electronic stethoscope circuit is formed by an electret MIC which can be seen configured across the input of the tone control stage via an RC network. In order to enable the MIC to sense the minute heart beat signals, the mic is enclosed within a rubber pipe with a rubber funnel like mouth opening. The funnel like opening is supposed to be stuck over the chest of the patient just above the heart area for allowing the MIC to detect the concentrated heart rate sound and convert it into minute proportionately pulsating electrical pulses. The opamp circuit responds to these signals and processes it appropriately as per the setting of the low and the high filter pots. The finalized signal is applied to the input of the power amplifier configured around the TDA2003 amplifier circuit which is capable of generating a strong 10 watts of amplification over a 8 ohm loudspeaker. The pot between the 741 output and the TDA input determines the volume of sound and can be adjusted for the same.

A Simpler Alternative (using a Wireless FM Transmitter) In the request we also see the mentioning of a android phone compatible unit, which is difficult to achieve using the above circuit since the minimum operating voltage of this circuit can be over 12V so it cannot be operated easily using a cellphone existing battery A simpler yet a more advanced method for achieving an electronic stethoscope amplifier functionality with a cellphone is to go wireless. A small FM transmitter circuit can be used and positioned near the chest of the patient, and the heart pulses can be heard or recorded loud and clear over any cellphone equipped with an FM radio, which is commonly included in all standard cellphone regardless of its

sophistication level. The mic will need to be encapsulated appropriately inside a pipe/funnel kind of enclosure as suggested in the previous discussion, so that other forms of disturbances become undetectable for the MIC. Once the heart beats are recorded inside the android phone, this can be easily used with a suitable app for converting the same into a graphical format and for enabling a more scientific assessment of the patient heart condition. The wireless stethoscope amplifier circuit set up can be understood from the following diagram

Parts List R1 =1M, R2 = 2K2, R3 = 470 Ohms, R4 = 39K, R5 = 470 Ohms, R6 = 4k7 R7 = 270K C1 = 0.1 uF, C2 = 4.7 uF, C3, C6 = 0.001uF, C4 = 3.3pF, C5 = 10pF, C7 = 100uF/16V D1----D4 = 1N4007 L1 = See Text T1, T2 = BC547B, T3 = BC557B TR1 = transformer, 0-9V, 100mA Warning: The concept has not been verified for its accuracy and credibility and the author does not in any manner endorse the use of this circuit for serious heart

diagnosing. Consult a qualified medical personal before using the explained circuit practically on a patient.