Connective Words 4a4qg

1

CONNECTIVE WORDS Transition signals Transition signals are used to sentences, idea groups and paragraphs together. Transition signals

Word Functions Adding information

Words

in addition

moreover

furthermore

besides

in fact

also

Contrasting information

Example Sentences The authors are critical of the illusions many organizations have of teamwork. In addition, they suggest that there are some common misunderstandings about 'how' teams actually work. The authors are critical of the illusions many organizations have of teamwork. Moreover, these illusions lead to the use of teams in situations that fail to utilize their potential. The authors are critical of the illusions many organizations have of teamwork. Furthermore, they suggest that these illusions are costing businesses large losses in productivity. The author makes some insightful translations, besides capturing the poetic tone of the original piece. Long term memory stores vast quantities of information; in fact it is regarded as the source of our intellectual prowess. The author's translation is insightful, also capturing the poetic tone of the original piece.

The author's translation is insightful; on the other hand it fails to capture the poetic tone of the original piece. Long term memory stores vast in contrast quantities of information; in contrast the storage capacity of working memory is much more limited. The author's translation is nevertheless insightful; nevertheless the piece sounds at its most poetic on the other hand

2

however

on the contrary

despite

by comparison Comparing information

similarly

also

Ordering information by time

after that

before that

then

at first

since then

firstly secondly

next

in the original Spanish. Long term memory has a vast storage capacity; however the storage capacity of working memory is more limited. Smith is critical of the overuse of teamwork in large organisations. On the contrary, Ferguson suggests productivity would be improved if they were further utilised. The Reserve Bank's long term view of economic activity is grim despite the current healthy outlook of many economic indicators. The dramatic staging of the play enhanced the suspense of the piece; by comparison the original version was much less sinister. The Reserve Bank's long term view of economic activity is grim. Similarly many economic indicators forecast a drop in current activity. The author has made an insightful translation. Also, she has captured the poetic tone of the original piece. Trade opened between Japan and Europe; after that artists were exposed to Asian culture for the first time. Trade opened between Japan and Europe. Before that artists had had little exposure to Asian culture. Trade opened between Japan and Europe; then the art world began to acknowledge this new partnership. Trade opened between Japan and Europe. At first, the art world did little to acknowledge this new partnership. Trade opened between Japan and Europe; since then, the art world has done much to acknowledge this new partnership. Firstly, trade opened between Japan and Europe; secondly, trade between China and Japan resumed. Trade opened between Japan and Europe. Next, trade between China and Japan

3 lastly

eventually

gradually

finally

Result/ causation

Smith fails to provide evidence for her argument: as a result this text is flawed. The subjects were not as a randomly distributed to consequence groups; as a consequence the conclusion they have drawn is flawed. consequently No control group was included in the experiment: consequently, the conclusion they have drawn is invalid. therefore Smith fails to provide evidence for her argument; therefore, it is hardly convincing. thus No control group was included in the experiment; thus, the conclusion drawn is rather ambiguous. hence Smith fails to provide evidence for her argument; hence, her opinion has been widely criticised. The subjects were not accordingly randomly distributed to groups. Accordingly, the implications of the conclusion are limited. as a result

Conditional otherwise indeed Concluding

resumed; lastly, Japan sought to dismantle trade embargoes with the United States. After the trade embargoes were abolished, eventually both parties realised the benefits of a trade partnership. After the trade embargoes were abolished, gradually trade between Japan and Europe increased. After the trade embargoes were abolished, finally both parties could capitalise upon their trade partnership.

Smith tends to use emotive language, otherwise, her case is well argued. Smith tends to use emotive language, indeed, this makes her case highly persuasive.

in conclusion In conclusion, teamwork has increasingly become the business strategy of the nineties. in summary In summary, the dietary needs of patients are important and should be the domain for trained nurses.

4 finally

Exemplifying information for example

for instance

Finally, each of the memory systems operates in tandem to allow learning and cognition to occur. There are a number of s of this type of ing information; for example, trade unions and their . The chef required many ingredients to prepare her banquet; for instance, fresh herbs and many types of mushrooms.

*This list is not exhaustive - but it should give a few ideas about transition words you can use.

WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY MISUSED (Many of the words and expressions here listed are not so much bad English as bad style, the commonplaces of careless writing. As illustrated under Feature, the proper correction is likely to be not the replacement of one word or set of words by another, but the replacement of vague generality by definite statement.) •

All right. Idiomatic in familiar speech as a detached phrase in the sense, "Agreed," or "Go ahead." In other uses better avoided. Always written as two words.

•

As good or better than. Expressions of this type should be corrected by rearranging the sentence.

My opinion is as good or better than his.-My opinion is as good as his, or better (if not better).

•

As to whether. Whether is sufficient; see under Rule 13.

•

Bid. Takes the infinitive without to. The past tense is bade.

•

Case. The Concise Oxford Dictionary begins its definition of this word: "instance of a thing's occurring; usual state of affairs." In these two senses, the word is usually unnecessary.

In many cases, the rooms were poorly ventilated.-Many of the rooms were poorly ventilated. It has rarely been the case that any mistake has been made.-Few mistakes have been made.

5

•

Certainly. Used indiscriminately by some speakers, much as others use very, to intensify any and every statement. A mannerism of this kind, bad in speech, is even worse in writing.

•

Character. Often simply redundant, used from a mere habit of wordiness.

Acts of a hostile character-Hostile acts

•

Claim, vb. With object-noun, means lay claim to. May be used with a dependent clause if this sense is clearly involved: "He claimed that he was the sole surviving heir." (But even here, "claimed to be" would be better.) Not to be used as a substitute for declare, maintain, or charge.

•

Compare. To compare to is to point out or imply resemblances, between objects regarded as essentially of different order; to compare with is mainly to point out differences, between objects regarded as essentially of the same order. Thus life has been compared to a pilgrimage, to a drama, to a battle; Congress may be compared with the British Parliament. Paris has been compared to ancient Athens; it may be compared with modern London.

•

Clever. This word has been greatly overused; it is best restricted to ingenuity displayed in small matters.

•

Consider. Not followed by as when it means, "believe to be." "I consider him thoroughly competent." Compare, "The lecturer considered Cromwell first as soldier and second as ," where "considered" means "examined" or "discussed."

•

Dependable. A needless substitute for reliable, trustworthy.

•

Due to. Incorrectly used for through, because of, or owing to, in adverbial phrases: "He lost the first game, due to carelessness." In correct use related as predicate or as modifier to a particular noun: "This invention is due to Edison;" "losses due to preventable fires."

•

Effect. As noun, means result; as verb, means to bring about, accomplish (not to be confused with affect, which means "to influence").

As noun, often loosely used in perfunctory writing about fashions, music, painting, and other arts: "an Oriental effect;" "effects in pale green;" "very delicate effects;" "broad effects;" "subtle effects;" "a charming effect was produced by." The writer who has a definite meaning to express will not take refuge in such vagueness.

6 •

Etc. Not to be used of persons. Equivalent to and the rest, and so forth, and hence not to be used if one of these would be insufficient, that is, if the reader would be left in doubt as to any important particulars. Least open to objection when it represents the last of a list already given in full, or immaterial words at the end of a quotation.

At the end of a list introduced by such as, for example, or any similar expression, etc. is incorrect. •

Fact. Use this word only of matters of a kind capable of direct verification, not of matters of judgment. That a particular event happened on a given date, that lead melts at a certain temperature, are facts. But such conclusions as that Napoleon was the greatest of modern generals, or that the climate of California is delightful, however incontestable they may be, are not properly facts.

On the formula the fact that, see under Rule 13. •

Factor. A hackneyed word; the expressions of which it forms part can usually be replaced by something more direct and idiomatic.

His superior training was the great factor in his winning the match.-He won the match by being better trained. Heavy artillery is becoming an increasingly important factor in deciding battles.-Heavy artillery is playing a larger and larger part in deciding battles.

•

Feature. Another hackneyed word; like factor it usually adds nothing to the sentence in which it occurs.

A feature of the entertainment especially worthy of mention was the singing of Miss A.(Better use the same number of words to tell what Miss A. sang, or if the programme has already been given, to tell something of how she sang.) As a verb, in the advertising sense of offer as a special attraction, to be avoided. •

Fix. Colloquial in America for arrange, prepare, mend. In writing restrict it to its literary senses, fasten, make firm or immovable, etc.

•

He is a man who. A common type of redundant expression; see Rule 13.

He is a man who is very ambitious.-He is very ambitious. Spain is a country which I have always wanted to visit.-I have always wanted to visit Spain.

•

However. In the meaning nevertheless, not to come first in its sentence or clause.

7

The roads were almost imable. However, we at last succeeded in reaching camp.-The roads were almost imable. At last, however, we succeeded in reaching camp. When however comes first, it means in whatever way or to whatever extent. However you advise him, he will probably do as he thinks best. However discouraging the prospect, he never lost heart.

•

Kind of. Not to be used as a substitute for rather (before adjectives and verbs), or except in familiar style, for something like (before nouns). Restrict it to its literal sense: "Amber is a kind of fossil resin;" "I dislike that kind of notoriety." The same holds true of sort of.

•

Less. Should not be misused for fewer.

He had less men than in the previous campaign.-He had fewer men than in the previous campaign. Less refers to quantity, fewer to number. "His troubles are less than mine" means "His troubles are not so great as mine." "His troubles are fewer than mine" means "His troubles are not so numerous as mine." It is, however, correct to say, "The signers of the petition were less than a hundred, "where the round number, a hundred, is something like a collective noun, and less is thought of as meaning a less quantity or amount. •

Line, along these lines. Line in the sense of course of procedure, conduct, thought, is allowable, but has been so much overworked, particularly in the phrase along these lines, that a writer who aims at freshness or originality had better discard it entirely.

Mr. B. also spoke along the same lines.-Mr. B. also spoke, to the same effect. He is studying along the line of French literature.-He is studying French literature.

•

Literal, literally. Often incorrectly used in of exaggeration or violent metaphor.

A literal flood of abuse-A flood of abuse Literally dead with fatigue-Almost dead with fatigue (dead tired)

•

Lose out. Meant to be more emphatic than lose, but actually less so, because of its commonness. The same holds true of try out, win out, sign up, up. With a number of verbs, out and up form idiomatic combinations: find out, run out, turn out, cheer up, dry up, make up, and others, each distinguishable in meaning from the simple verb. Lose out is not.

8 •

Most. Not to be used for almost.

Most everybody-Almost everybody Most all the time-Almost all the time

•

Nature. Often simply redundant, used like character.

Acts of a hostile nature-Hostile acts Often vaguely used in such expressions as "a lover of nature;" "poems about nature." Unless more specific statements follow, the reader cannot tell whether the poems have to do with natural scenery, rural life, the sunset, the untracked wilderness, or the habits of squirrels. •

Near by. Adverbial phrase, not yet fully accepted as good English, though the analogy of close by and hard by seems to justify it. Near, or near at hand, is as good, if not better.

Not to be used as an adjective; use neighboring. •

Oftentimes, of times. Archaic forms, no longer in good use. The modern word is often.

•

One hundred and one. Retain the and in this and similar expressions, in accordance with the unvarying usage of English prose from Old English times.

•

One of the most. Avoid beginning essays or paragraphs with this formula, as, "One of the most interesting developments of modern science is, etc.;" "Switzerland is one of the most interesting countries of Europe." There is nothing wrong in this; it is simply threadbare and forcible-feeble.

•

People. The people is a political term, not to be confused with the public. From the people comes political or opposition; from the public comes artistic appreciation or commercial patronage.

The word people are not to be used with words of number, in place of persons. If of "six people" five went away, how many "people" would be left? •

Phase. Means a stage of transition or development: "the phases of the moon;" "the last phase." Not to be used for aspect or topic.

Another phase of subject-Another point (another question)

•

Possess. Not to be used as a mere substitute for has or own.

9

He possessed great courage.-He had great courage (was very brave). He was the fortunate possessor of-He owned

•

Respective, respectively. These words may usually be omitted with advantage.

Works of fiction are listed under the names of their respective authors.-Works of fiction are listed under the names of their authors. The one mile and two mile runs were won by Jones and Cummings respectively.-The one mile and two mile runs were won by Jones and by Cummings. In some kinds of formal writing, as in geometrical proofs, it may be necessary to use respectively, but it should not appear in writing on ordinary subjects. •

So. Avoid, in writing, the use of so as an intensifier: "so good;" "so warm;" "so delightful."

•

Sort of. See under Kind of.

•

State. Not to be used as a mere substitute for says, remark. Restrict it to the sense of express fully or clearly, as, "He refused to state his objections."

•

Student body. A needless and awkward expression, meaning no more than the simple word students.

A member of the student body-A student Popular with the student body-Liked by the students The student body ed resolutions.-The students ed resolutions.

•

System. Frequently used without need.

Dayton has adopted the commission system of government.-Dayton has adopted government by commission. The dormitory system-Dormitories

•

Thanking you in advance. This sounds as if the writer meant, "It will not be worth my while to write to you again." Simply write, "Thanking you," and if the favor, which you have requested, is granted, write a letter of acknowledgment.

•

They. A common inaccuracy is the use of the plural pronoun when the antecedent is a distributive expression such as each, each one, everybody, every one, many a man, which, though implying more than one person, requires the pronoun to be in the singular. Similar to this, but with even less justification, is the use of the plural pronoun with the antecedent anybody, any one, somebody, some one, the intention being either to avoid the awkward "he or she," or to avoid committing oneself to either. Some bashful speakers even say, "A friend of mine told me that they, etc."

10

Use he with all the above words, unless the antecedent is or must be feminine. •

Very. Use this word sparingly. Where emphasis is necessary, use words strong in themselves.

•

Viewpoint. Write point of view, but do not misuse this, as many do, for view or opinion.

•

While. Avoid the indiscriminate use of this word for and, but, and although. Many writers use it frequently as a substitute for and or but, either from a mere desire to vary the connective, or from uncertainty which of the two connectives is the more appropriate. In this use it is best replaced by a semicolon.

The office and salesrooms are on the ground floor, while the rest of the building is devoted to manufacturing.-The office and salesrooms are on the ground floor; the rest of the building is devoted to manufacturing. Its use as a virtual equivalent of although is allowable in sentences where this leads to no ambiguity or absurdity. While I ire his energy, I wish it were employed in a better cause. This is entirely correct, as shown by the paraphrase, I ire his energy; at the same time I wish it were employed in a better cause. Compare: While the temperature reaches 90 or 95 degrees in the daytime, the nights are often chilly.-Although the temperature reaches 90 or 95 degrees in the daytime, the nights are often chilly. The paraphrase, The temperature reaches 90 or 95 degrees in the daytime; at the same time the nights are often chilly, Shows why the use of while is incorrect. In general, the writer will do well to use while only with strict literalness, in the sense of during the time that. •

Whom. Often incorrectly used for who before he said or similar expressions, when it is really the subject of a following verb.

11

His brother, whom he said would send him the money-His brother, who he said would send him the money The man whom he thought was his friend-The man who (that) he thought was his friend (whom he thought his friend)

•

Worth while. Overworked as a term of vague approval and (with not) of disapproval. Strictly applicable only to actions: "Is it worth while to telegraph?"

His books are not worth while.-His books are not worth reading (not worth one's while to read; do not repay reading). The use of worthwhile before a noun ("a worth while story") is indefensible. •

Would. A conditional statement in the first person requires should, not would.

I should not have succeeded without his help. The equivalent of shall in indirect quotation after a verb in the past tense is should, not would. He predicted that before long we should have a great surprise. To express habitual or repeated action, the past tense, without would, is usually sufficient, and from its brevity, more emphatic. Once a year he would visit the old mansion.-Once a year he visited the old mansion.

VI. WORDS OFTEN MISSPELLED Accidentally-formerly-privilege Advice-humorous-pursue Affect-hypocrisy-repetition Beginning-immediately-rhyme Believe-incidentally-rhythm Benefit-latter-ridiculous Challenge-led-sacrilegious Criticize-lose-seize Deceive-marriage-separate Definite-mischief-shepherd Describe-murmur-siege Despise-necessary-similar Develop-occurred-simile Disappoint-parallel-too Duel-Philip-tragedy Ecstasy-playwright-tries

12

Effect- proceeding undoubtedly Existence-prejudice-until Fiery-principalWrite to day, to night, to-morrow (but not together) with hyphen. Write any one, every one, some one, some time (except the sense of formerly) as two words. Guidelines for linking words 1. Connective - listing and addition 2. Emphasis, i.e. cues that show importance and focus attention 3. Similarity, clarifying or introducing a definition 4. Causality and reason 5. Result 6. Contrast / comparison 7. Restriction or condition 8. Example 9. Time sequence 1. Connective - listing and addition a) Introductory cue shows that a list most likely will follow There are TWO reasons-(problems, causes etc.) SEVERAL MANY A NUMBER OF A FEW SOME -

b) First cue in the list FIRSTLY IN THE FIRST PLACE FIRST OF ALL TO BEGIN WITH FOR ONE THING -

-

c) Second or later cue in the list ALSO TOO AS WELLSECONDLY - NEXT FOR ANOTHER (THING) STILL ANOTHERSIMILARLY - IN ADDITION FURTHER - FURTHERMORE - BESIDES APART FROM - WHAT IS MORE d) Last cue in the list and conclusion LAST - LASTLYFINALLYIN CONCLUSIONIN THE END-

- MOREOVER- THEN AGAIN -

13 IN SUMMARY- TO CONCLUDE

-

An example: He has a number of reasons for not buying a car. First of all, a car is expensive. Secondly, public transport in this town is good. Moreover, he lives near his office. And, finally, he can't drive.

2. Emphasis, i.e. cues that show importance and focus attention BASICALLY- ESPECIALLY - ESSENTIALLY- FUNDAMENTALLYMOST IMPORTANT/SIGNIFICANTIN PARTICULARPARTICULARLY- PRIMARILYPRINCIPALLY- MAINLY- BY FAR ABOVE ALL -

3. Similarity, clarifying or introducing a definition LIKE – EQUALLY, SIMILARLY- IN THE SAME WAYLIKEWISE- AS IF / AS THOUGH IN OTHER WORDS - THAT IS (TO SAY) -

4. Causality and reason AS - BECAUSESINCE- FORIT FOLLOWS THATFOR THIS REASON- THEREFORE AS LONG AS FOR THE PURPOSE OFIN ORDER TO- SO AS TOBY MEANS OF-

- DUE TO, OWING TO - ON OF -

5. Result HENCE THUS, CONSEQUENTLY, (AND) SO ACCORDINGLY AS A RESULT IN CONSEQUENCE-

-

6. Contrast / comparison BUT ALTHOUGHTHOUGH, EVEN THOUGH, EVEN IF, HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS NONETHELESS, YET (not yet), INSTEAD WHEREAS, WHILE, RATHER ON THE CONTRARY - IN CONTRAST TO- CONVERSELY - OTHERWISE ALTERNATIVELY - ON THE ONE HAND, ON THE OTHER HANDIN SPITE OF - DESPITE-

14 IRRESPECTIVE OFNOTWITHSTANDING-

7. Restriction or condition EXCEPT - EXCLUDING IF - IN CASE ON CONDITION THATSUPPOSING THAT PROVIDED THAT ASSUMING THAT-GIVEN THAT UNLESS ONLY -

-

8. Example FOR EXAMPLE FOR INSTANCE – e.g. (lat) SAYTAKE AN ILLUSTRATION / AN EXAMPLE OF THISTHIS IS DEMONSTRATED / SHOWN / ILLUSTRATED BY (A) TYPICAL SUCH CHARACTERISTICALLY / , TYPICALLY ,A CASE IN POINT

-

9. Time sequence THEN AFTER, NEXT PREVIOUSLY – What is the function of the linking words in the following sentences: a) addition or listing b) contrast c) condition d) example e) emphasis 1. Colour, pattern and texture are crucial to any interior. ________________________________ 2. Colour is by far the strongest element. _____________________________________________ 3. On the other hand, there are some basic rules that can be applied to all interiors. ___________________________________ ________________________________________ 4. For instance, a white room will look larger than a dark room. __________________________ 5. The plan may well work in practice, provided that the designers need not worry about expenses. ____________________________________________________________________ __

15

How would you continue these sentences keeping in mind the last linking word? 1.The paint spectrum is made up of three primary colours: ______________________________ 2. There are many theories on the use of colour. For example, ___________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ___________ 3. Red is frequently used in decorating restaurant interiors, because ______________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ___________ 4. Many boxes on supermarket shelves are bright-coloured in order to ____________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ___________ 5. Colour has a startling effect on many living things. A single flash of red light can change the biological clocks of seaweeds. And some scientists believe that people, likewise, ___________ ____________________________________________________________________ __________

Choose ONE suitable linking word for each blank space from the alternatives: Roses are red; violets are blue… or are they? A red rose in yellow-green light appears purpled-pink, (1)____________ a violet in green-blue light looks turquoise. We are often unaware of such changes in the appearance of familiar objects (2)____________ the eye adapts to the prevailing light. (3)____________, we see colours as we expect them to be, not as they really are. When lighting is poor, (4)____________, the brain simply concentrates on enabling us to identify what the available light allows us to see. There are drawbacks, (5)____________. When a photographer snaps a scene illuminated by an incandescent light, the photograph will have a distinctly yellow tinge, (6)____________ when the photograph was taken the colours looked true. This is (7)_____________ the eye - but not the photographic film - adapted to the incandescent light. (8)____________, when, (9)___________, a green dress is chosen from a catalogue, or a yellow paint is picked out for the kitchen - they can look quite different when you get them home. (10)____________, the main problem seems to be our perception of colour. 1. a) however b) although c) whereas d) in other words2. 2. a) instead b) because

16

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

c) in case d) moreover3. a) alternatively b) eventually c) however d) as a result4. a) for instance b) however c) especially d) similarly a) too b) however c) for example d) in particular6. a) as though b) although c) in contrast d) and7. a) despite b) on the contrary c) nevertheless d) because-8. a) Similarly b) as if c) also d) in contrast a) rather b) finally c) however d) ,say,10.a) a case in point b) consequently c) moreover d) in other words- -