Biodiversity And Classification Nl l46d

What is Biodiversity??? Biological diversity  Simply means the diversity, or variety, of plants and animals and other living things in a particular area or region 

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Also means the number, or abundance of different species living within a particular region

Okay, So Why Is It Important? 

Everything that lives in an ecosystem is part of the web of life, including humans

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Each species of vegetation and each creature has a place on the earth and plays a vital role in the circle of life

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Plant, animal, and insect species interact and depend upon one another for what each offers, such as food, shelter, oxygen, and soil enrichment

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"It is reckless to suppose that biodiversity can be diminished indefinitely without threatening humanity itself." -Edward O. Wilson (Father of Biodiversity)

Early Classification   

To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner. The field of Biology that deals with classifying organisms is called Taxonomy. Carolus Linnaeus is the father of Modern Taxonomy (1700’s) •Linnaeus is considered the founder of the binomial system of nomenclature and the originator of modern scientific classification of plants and animals

Linneaus’ Findings:  Millions

of animals and plants  How did we keep them in order?  Binomial Nomenclature

Hierarchy System Of Classification Hierarchy Ranking System

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Binomial Nomenclature Identifying organisms by their genus and species’ names  2 words  First letter of FIRST word is capital, First letter of SECOND word is lowercase.  The word needs to be in italic or underlined  Latin Form of the word.  Ex: Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum, Canus lupus  Humans, Red Maple, Wolf 

Binomial Nomenclature Used because the common name can sometimes be misleading.  Common names can be different in various parts of the world (for example the British, North American and Australian “Robins”)  Latin is a universal “dead” language 

How do Scientist Classify organisms?   

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You will probably need to add this slide to your notes Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older are called derived characters. Derived Characters can be used to construct a Cladogram, a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among a group of organism This concept was derived from Darwin. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cladograms/Op en-This-File.swf

How do Scientist Classify organisms? Early systems of classification grouped organisms together bases on visible similarities.  That can quickly lead to troubles….  Biologist now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.  Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older are called derived characters.  This concept was derived from Darwin. 

How do Scientist Classify organisms? Similarities at the DNA level in the genes of organisms can be used to help determine classification.  Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the age of evolutionary time. A model known as a molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently. 

A dichotomous key is a series of yes/no questions that state the rules for placing items into categories within a system of classification  Ex: Plants, Insects, Trees, People (We could make one for our class!!) 

1. Eubacteria- (Bacteria)  2. Archaebacteria(Bacteria)  2. Protists- (Amoeba)  3. Fungi- (Mushrooms)  4. Plants- (Trees)  5. Animal- (Mammals) 

2 Kingdoms or 1?  

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Most books lists 6 kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Prior to 1990 most books listed only 5 kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were grouped together Monera Either is correct..(I still refer to Monera on my quizzes and test. )

The Three-Domain System  Molecular

analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic category that is now recognized by many scientist.  The domain is more inclusive category than any other—larger than a kingdom.  Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.

Eubacteria   

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Single Celled, Prokaryotic, Autotrophic and Hetrotrophic Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. Cell walls with peptidoglycan. Some produce vitamins and foods like yogurt. Ex: Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

Bacteria…ecological diverse Free living soil organisms to deadly parasites Some need oxygen some do not need oxygen.

Archaebacteria     

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Single Celled Prokaryotic Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Cell walls do NOT contain peptidogllycan Ex: Methanogens, halophiles

These bacteria live in volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black organic mud. Most survive in the absence of oxygen

Protists  

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Mostly unicellular Eukaryotic Autotrophic/Heterotrophic have great variety Ex: Amoeba (bottom) and Paramecium (top) You need to be familiar with BOTH of these little guys…they will be on your quiz/test.

Fungi     

Mostly multicellular but some unicellular. Has a cell wall but does NOT make its own food. Heterotrophic Change dead organic matter into usable nutrients… Decomposers Ex: Bread mold, mildew, yeast, and mushrooms.

Plant Kingdom Green- contain chlorophyll  Make food by photosynthesis  Ex: Algae. Moss, Vascular Plants, Trees, Flower, Etc 

Animal Kingdom Multi-Cellular  Cannot make their own food  Most animals move (sponge is sessile)  Vertebrates: (Backbone) Ex: Fish, Frogs, Birds, Snakes, and US!!  Invertebrates: (No backbone) Ex: Sponges, Jellyfish, Earthworm 

A Mysterious Organism-Virus Not sure which classification to put viruses under  No cell parts  Chromosomelike structures  Do not grow as living things 

A Mysterious Organism-Virus 1.

A virus is an infectious organism that reproduces within the cells of an infected host.

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A virus is not alive until it enters the cells of a living plant or animal

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A virus contains genetic information wrapped in a protein coat.

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Viruses can be useful as well as harmful.

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A virus that mutates ensures its own survival by making itself unrecognizable to immune systems and vaccines. Even viruses engineered for useful purposes can be harmful if unchecked