Annotated Translation 1h5s4k

AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF THE PRESIDENT’S MISTRESS Laurina Suling, S.S, M.Min Komp Billy & Moon Blok H2 No.1 Pondok Kelapa Jakarta Timur 13450 [email protected]

ABSTRACT This research is an annotated translation. The object of the study is an English novel The President’s Mistress, written by Patrick Anderson. The purpose of this research are (1) To attain factual information concerning the problems faced by the researcher in translating the source text; (2) To give plausible solutions to the difficulties. In conducting this annotated translation research, the researcher involved the introspective and retrospective study. The result and analysis revealed that there were 7 words, 6 phrases, 7 idioms and 5 sentences from the 25 aspects of language analyzed that were difficult for the translator/researcher, those difficulties were at the same time problems for the translator/researcher. The solutions of the problems were attained by the annotation or analysis done relevant to the translation strategies and translation theories.

Key words: annotation, introspective, retrospective, translation

INTRODUCTION In this sub chapter, the researcher is describing the justification of the research, relevant researches done, position of the research, and significance of the research. In this research the researcher found out difficulties during the process of translation from English into Indonesian faced by the researcher by annotating several aspects, grammatical, lexical, cultural, as well as stylistic features that posed problems for the researcher. By annotating the difficulties encountered during the translation

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means that the translator who was at the same time also the researcher conducted a research called an annotated translation. This area, namely annotated translation from one language into another, is chosen by the researcher in order to widen her experience in translation which is in line with her study. The translation from English into Indonesian was selected due to the familiarity of the language, Indonesian, mostly known by the researcher as her native language. The book The President’s Mistress was taken to be translated as its theme shows one of the evidences how freedom of speech is truly applied in daily life in the US, while in other countries freedom of speech is still questionable. It was important to carry out this research because annotated translation applies in practical sense the theories the researcher had studied in class, for example : Theories of Translation, Linguistics, Bahasa Indonesia, Cross Culture Understanding etc. Previous researches related to this research are : 1. Venny Eka Meidasari (2008). Annotated Translation of the Speed of Trust. 2. Sudarya Permana (2007).

Penerjemahan Beranotasi Buku Science in Medieval

Islam Karya Howard R. Turner. 3. James Mallinson (2007). The Khecarividya of Adhinatha: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of an Early Text of Hathayoga.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Theories of Translation Principles of Translation According to Duff (1989) there are some general principles which are relevant to all translation: 1. Meaning. The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text.Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though occasionally part of the meaning can be “transposed”. Ask yourself: -

is the meaning of the original text clear? If not, where does the uncertainty lie?

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are any words “loaded”, that is, are there any underlying implications? (“Correct me if I’m wrong ... suggests

“I know I’m right”! ).

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is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitable one?

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does anything in the translation sound unnatural or forced?

2. Form. The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely as possible ... But differences in language structure often require changes in the form and order of words. When in doubt, underline the original text the words on which the main stress falls. 3. . Languages differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context. To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions, in which the writer or speaker sets the tone. 4. Source language influence. One of the most frequent criticism of translation is that ‘it doesn’t sound natural.’ This is because the translator’s thoughts and choice of words are too strongly moulded by the original text. A good way of shaking off the source language (SL) influence is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud, from memory. This will suggest natural patterns of thought in the first language (L1), which may not come to mind when the eye is fixed on the SL text. 5. Style and clarity. The translator should not change the style of the original. But if the text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the reader’s sake, correct the defects. 6. Idiom. Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. These include similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings (as good as gold), jargon, slang, colloquialisms, ( friendly, yuppie, the Big Apple), and (in English) phrasal verbs.

If the

expressions cannot be directly translated, try any of the following: - retain the original word, in inverted commas. - retain the original expression, with a literal explanation in brackets. - use a close equivalent. - use a non-idiomatic or plain prose. Theories of Idiomatic Translation 1. Larson (1984) said, “Meaning – based translations make every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of th RL. Such translations are called idiomatic translation.”

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2. Larson also said. A good translator will try to translate idiomatically. This is his goal. However, translations are often a mixture of a literal transfer of the grammatical units along with some idiomatic translation of the meaning of the text. It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. 3. Again from Larson. Idiomatic translations use the natural form of the receptor language, both in the grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. I sounds like it was written originally in the receptor language . The Theories of Overtranslation / Padding. 1. Newmark (1981) said. A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, more detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather than the intention of the transmitter. It tends to overtranslate, to be more specific than the original, to include more meanings in its search for one nuance of meaning”. 2. Newmark (1988): “It is sometimes advisable to retreat from literal translation when faced with SL general words for which there are no “satisfactory” one-to-one TL equivalents even though one is over-translating”. 3. Duff’s (1981) Padding or overtranslation: “In good translation, length is determined by the structure of the target language and not by the number of words in the source language. Padding occurres when words are merely transfered without regard for the potential of the target language”. Theories of Shifts Munday citing Catford (2000). Catford considers two kinds of shifts: (1) shift of level and (2) shift of category: 1. A Level Shift (2000: 141-3) would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another.

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2. Category shifts. These are subdivided into 4 kinds: a. Structural shifts – these are the most common form of shift and involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. b. Class shifts – these comprise shifts from one part of speech to another. c. Unit shifts or rank shifts – these are shifts where the translation equivalent in the TL is at a different rank to the SL. “Rank” here refers to the hierarchical linguistic units of sentence, clause, group, word and morpheme. d. Intra-system shifts- these are shifts that take place when the SL and TL possess approximately corresponding system but where “the translation involves selection of a non – corresponding term in the TL system”. Theories of Naturalness 1. Nida and Taber (1982):” Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source languange message, first in of meaning and secondly in of style”. 2. Munday (2000): “The message has to be tailored to the receptor’s linguistic needs and cultural expectation and aims at complete naturalness of expression”. 3. Larson (1998): “To do effective translation one must discover the meaning of the source language and use receptor language forms which express this meaning in a natural way.” 4. Newmark (1981) Normally, the translator should write within his own idiolect or his conception of the SL text author’s, always provided the text appears to be written naturally. The translator must not use a word or phrase that sounds intuitively unnatural or artificial to him. Theories of English and Indonesian Cohesion and Kohesi 1. Jan Renkema (1993): “Cohesion is the connection which results when the interpretation of a textual element is dependent on another element in the text.” 2. Howard Jackson (1990):

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Cohesion refers to the ways which the sentences of a text are grammaticlly and lexically linked. A bond is formed between one sentence and another because the interpretation of a sentence either depends on or is informed by some item in a previous---usually the previous---sentence . 3. Hasan Alwi dalam Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (2003) :” Kohesi merupakan hubungan perkaitan antaraproposisi yang dinyatakan secara eksplisit oleh unsurunsur gramatikal dan semantik dalam kalimat-kalimat yang membentuk wacana. Interjection and Interjeksi 1. Leech and Svartvik in: A communicative Grammar of English (1975). “Interjections are words whose only function is to express emotion. Common English interjections are: Oh (surprise), Ah (Satisfaction), Wow (Great Surprise), Ouch, Ow (pain).” 2. Hasan Alwi et al dalam Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (2003). Interjeksi atau kata seru adalah kata tugas yang mengungkapkan rasa hati pembicara. Untuk memperkuat rasa hati seperti kagum, sedih, heran, dan jijik orang memakai kata tertentu di samping kalimat yang mangandung makna pokok yang dimaksud. Comparison and Tingkat komparatif a. Frank, (Marcella, 1972): Modern English: Descriptive adjective have special forms only for comparison”. Comparative degree Superlative degree b. Jackson Howard, 1990, Grammar and Meaning: Another important characteristic of most adjectives is that they are “gradable”. There are grades or degrees of the quality or description referred to by the adjective, and we can express this gradability grammatically. Adjectives can be inflected for comparative and superlative degree. c. Hasan Alwi dalam Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (2003) menyatakan bahwa tingkat komparatif mengacu ke kadar kualitas atau intensitas yang lebih atau yang kurang. Pewatas yang dipakai ialah lebih ... dari (pada) ..., kurang ... dari (pada), dan kalah ... dengan/dari (pada). Dewasa ini dalam struktur komparatif pemakaian kata daripada bersaing dengan kata dari.

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Tingkat superlatif mengacu ke tingkat kualitas atau intensitas yang paling tinggi di antara semua acuan adjective yang dibandingkan. Tingkat itu di dalam kalimat dinyatakan dengan pemakaian afiks ter atau pewatas paling di muka adjective yang bersangkutan. Strategies of Translation According to Williams and Chesterman (2002) in their book The Map: a Beginner’s Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies, there are three strategies of translation. 1. Syntactic strategies, such as shifting the word-class, changing the phrase, clause or sentence structure, adding or changing cohesion. 2. Semantic Strategic, such as using hyponyms or super-ordinates, altering the level of abstraction, redistributing the information over more or fewer elements. 3. Pragmatic strategies, such as naturalizing or exoticizing, altering the level of explicitness, adding or omitting information. 4. Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness. Emphasized are features such as: a. The choice of oral mode. b. The selection of appropriate genre and type of discourse. c. Appropriate language varieties or styles.

DESIGN AND PROCEDURES OF THE RESEARCH

Design of the Research This research belongs to the area of analysis of the original and source text which covers a study on annotated translation. Introspective and retrospective research are included in this annotated translation study. Introspective method is carried out when “... the process of observing and reflecting on one’s thoughts, feelings, motives, reasoning processes, and mental states with a view to determinig the ways in which these processes and states determine our behaviour.” (Nunan, 1992, p. 115). Introspective method is included in this annotated translation research, in which the researcher herself translates the text and, at the same time, writes annotations on her own translation process.

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Furthermore, Nunan (1992) stated that the retrospective research is conducted when “... retrospective data are collected some time after the event under investigation has taken place.” (p. 124). Retrospective research is a study investigating the mental processes through the researcher’s original memory immediately after he/she has translated.

Procedures of the Research In conducting this research, the researcher uses the following procedures: 1. The source text is read thoroughly to give a full understanding of the content. 2. Independently the researcher translates the source text into Indonesian. 3. During the course of translating the text, the researcher regularly consults her advisors to discuss problems she encounters referring to the task undertaken. 4. At the same time, she marks down the words, phrases, idioms, clauses, and sentences that have become a problem in the process of translating the texts. 5. The researcher takes only the most significant ones due to the limited time allotted. 6. These problematic items are analyzed and the researcher then gives plausible reasons as to the solving of these problems.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION The source text amounted to 15.000 words and was translated into Indonesian as the target text. During the process of translating the researcher collected the data which amounted to eighty-nine (89) items. The data to be annotated are categorized based on the grammatical items. There are four categories namely words, phrases, idioms, and sentences. From the 89 items of the data, the researcher has annotated 25 items which are the most difficult problems that the researcher has encountered. Based on the result of analysis, the data collected will be synthesised into aspects of grammatical and stylistic features that posed problems to the translator / researcher. This synthesis forms a brief summary of all the difficulties encountered by the translator / researcher during the process of translation.

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Annotation and Analysis Words There are 7 words to be annotated, namely: … do-gooders …, Jesus, … demanded. … pacing …, She …, Something!” and … moving … As example we take the word … do-gooders … Source Text

Target Text

Plus the usual fringe of

Ditambah golongan pinggir yang terdiri dari orang-

do-gooders and weirdos.

orang yang selalu ingin membereskan sesuatu dan orang-orang yang aneh.

In this sentence, the word ...do-gooders... was translated into .... orang-orang yang selalu ingin membereskan sesuatu ... There is no equivalent for the word dogooders in Indonesian. The translator/researcher finds it difficult to translate it. Thus she has to explain descriptively the actual meaning of do-gooders in the translated text. That’s why to convey the message, one word ... do-gooders ... was translated into several words, namely a clause, ... orang-orang yang selalu ingin membereskan sesuatu ... So, there are too many words or over translation. Translation Strategy : 1. Pragmatic strategy, adding information, namely yang selalu ingin membereskan sesuatu. 2. Syntactic strategy : Shift of rank, namely do-gooders, a word was translated into orang-orang yang selalu ingin membereskan sesuatu, a clause. Translation Theory : 1. Duff’s Principle of Translation : “The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text.” (1989) e.g. …do-gooders … was translated into … orang-orang yang selalu ingin membereskan sesuatu …. 2. Newmark’s Communicative and Semantic Translation A semantic translation tends to be more complex, more awkward, more detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes rather than the intention of

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the transmitter. It tends to overtranslate, to be more specific than the original, to include more meanings in its search for one nuance of meaning .(1986) e.g. … do gooders … was translated into … orang-orang yang selalu ingin membereskan sesuatu… 3. Catford as cited by Munday (2001): “Unit shifts or rank shifts: These are shifts where the translation equivalent in the TL is at a different rank to the SL. ‘Rank’ here refers to the hierarchical linguistic units of sentence, clause, group, word and morpheme.” e.g. … do-gooders … (a word) … was translated into … orang-orang yang selalu ingin membereskan sesuatu … ( a clause)

Phrases There are 6 phrases to be annotated, namely, … a combination of bartending and dope dealing …, … curled up on the seat …, … said those words?, “It’s hard to say …, … throwing my route, “If you say so”. As example we take the phrase … was throwing my route … Source Text

Target Text

Once or twice when I was throwing

Sekali atau dua kali ketika saya sedang

my route around dawn, there’d be

bertugas melempar koran pagi-pagi

parties still going on here.

sekali, pesta masih berlangsung di sini.

In this sentence the phrase … was throwing my route … was translated into … sedang bertugas melempar koran … The literal meaning of … was throwing my route … in Indonesian is sedang melempar jalan saya … but if it was translated in that way it would not make sense. So it was translated … ketika saya sedang bertugas melempar koran … to make it sound more natural. Translation Strategy : Pragmatic strategy, naturalizing, namely from … was throwing my route … into … sedang bertugas melempar koran.

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Translation Theory : 1. Munday’s Equivalence and equivalent effect. “The message has to be tailored to the receptor’s linguistic needs and cultural expectation and aims at complete naturalness of expression. (Munday 2000) 1. Larson Idiomatic Translation A good translator will try to translate idiomatically. This is his goal. However, translations are often a mixture of a literal transfer of the grammatical units along with some idiomatic translation of the meaning of the text. It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. (Larson, 1998)

Idioms There are 7 idioms to be annotated, namely … a basket case …, “And cows might fly”, … “I’ll take …, “Business as usual, … to make one final stab, … blew his stack…, … to work it out”. As example we take the idiom … “And cows might fly”. Source Text

Target Text

“And cows might fly.” Ed Murphy said.

”Tidak mungkin,” kata Ed Murphy.

In the sentence above “And cows might fly,” is an idiom and was translated into “Tidak mungkin”…. There is no equivalent in Indonesian for And cows might fly. Literally And cows might fly means Dan sapi dapat terbang, and that is an impossibility that’s why it was translated into “Tidak mungkin” which means It’s impossible. In Indonesian we don’t have such idiom with the word cows and the same meaning. Translation Strategy : Emphasis on stylistic appropriateness: the selection of appropriate genre and type of discourse. Translation Theory : 1. Duff’s Principles of Translation: “Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. If the expressions cannot be directly translated, use a non–idiomatic or plain prose translation”. (1989)

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e.g. The idiom “And cows might fly” … was translated into “Tidak mungkin.” , a plain prose. 2. Larson’s Kinds of Translations: “Meaning-based translations make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translations are called idiomatic translation. (Larson, 1998) e.g. The idiom “And cows might fly” was translated ito “Tidak mungkin”.

Sentences There are 5 sentences to be annotated, namely: “The hell I did, … he knew better, On top of everything else, “Suppose they raped her?”, The boy was a suspect. As example we take the sentence: The boy was a suspect. Source Text The boy was a suspect.

Target Text Anak itu patut dicurigai.

This sentence, The boy was a suspect, was translated into Anak itu patut dicurigai. The boy was a suspect, is an active sentence, translated into Anak itu patut dicurigai, a ive sentence. Translation Strategy : Syntactic strategy, changing the sentence structure, namely translation of an active sentence: The boy was a suspect into a ive sentence : Anak itu patut dicurigai. Translation Theory : 1. Duff’s Principles of Translation: “The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely as possible. But differences in language structure often require changes in the form and order of words.” (1989) 2. Catford’s as cited by Munday: “Structural shifts are the most common form of shifts and involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure.” (Munday, 2001) e.g. The boy was a suspect, an active sentence, translated into Anak itu patut dicurigai, a ive sentence.

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion This research solves the problems that are detected when the researcher is translating the English source text into Indonesian. Based on this research the findings are: (1) All the collected data or the difficulties of the research amount to 89 items. (2) Of these 89 items, 25 of them were very difficult for the translator/researcher. The theories that are used in solving the problems by the researcher besides theories of translation, are also compared with the theories of the English language and those of the Indonesian. The difficulty in the course of translating the text that has to be overcome by using the relevant theories, forms the application of what the researcher has studied in class.

Recommendation Due to the weakness of this research, the researcher highly advises that other researchers who are going to conduct annotated translation research render the entire book so that more annotations may be produced. If more annotations are made it will be clearer for the understanding of the readers who are of different field of study. The researcher uses English as the source text and has translated it into Indonesian. For the next prospective researcher, it is recommended that they also make a research of annotated translation from Indonesian into English.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Alwi, Hasan,. 2003, “Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia”, Jakarta, Balai Pustaka Anderson, Patrick., 1976, “The President’s Mistress”, New York: Pocket Book Catford, J.C., 1974, “A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Eassy in Applied Linguistics”, Oxford University Press. Duff, Alan., 1984, “The third Language, Recurent problems of translation into English”, Pergamon Press. _________., 1989, “Translation”. London: Oxford University Press Frank, Marcella, 1972, “Modern English, a practical reference guide”, New Jersey, Prentice – Hall Inc. Jackson, Howard., 1995, “Grammar and Meaning: A Semantic Approach to English Grammar”, London and New York: Longman Larson, Mildred, L. 1998, Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to CrossLanguage Equivalence,University Press of America, Inc. Leech, Geoffrey and Svartrik, 1975, “A Communicative Grammar of English”, Essex, Longman Group, UK Ltd. Mallinson,James.,2007, “The Khecarividya of Adhinatha: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of an Early Text of Hathayoga”, Munday Jeremy.,2000, “Introducing Translation studies: Theories and applications”, London: Routledge. Meidasari, Venny Eka., (2008). “Annotated Translation of the Speed of Trust”, Unpublished Magister Thesis: Universitas Guandarma. Newmark, Peter., 1986, “Approaches to Translation”, Oxford: Pergamon Press. ______________., 1988, “A Text Book of Translation”, Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd. ______________., 1991, “About Translation”, Clevedon: Mulitlingual Matters Ltd. Nida, Eugene, A. and Taber,Charles, R., 1982, “ The Theory and Practice of Translation”, Second Photomechanical Reprint. Nunan, D., 1992, “Research Methods in Language Learning”, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14

Permana, Sudarya., 2007,Penerjemahan Beranotasi Buku Science in Medival Islam, Unpublished Magister Thesis: Universitas Indonesia. Renkema, Jan, 1993, “Discourse Studies, An Introductiory Textbook”, Amsterdam / Philadelphia ,John Benyamins Publishing Company,. Williams, Jenny & Chesterman, Andrew. 2002, “The Map: a Beginner’s Guide to Doing Research in Translation Studies”, Manchester, St. Jerome Publishing.

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