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A CUB-PILOT'S EDUCATION Before You Read the Story... 1. A Life Read the paragraph about Mark Twain on page 55. What are his most famous books about? 2. The Pictures Look at the picture on page 57. It is a picture of a steamboat. In the 19th century, these boats traveled on the Mississippi River, the longest river in the United States. The steamboats were large. Can you tell why these boats were important? In the picture on page 58, what is the boy doing? Where would he be doing this in the picture on page 62? 3. Thinking About It. .. A pilot is someone who drives (or steers) a boat or plane. A cub-pilot is a young person who is learning to be a pilot. He watches the pilot at his job. Then he tries to do the job. Do you think this is a good way for a young person to learn? 4. Scanning for Specific Information Sometimes we scan a piece of writing to find one or two pieces of information. We don't read everything. We don't even need to get a general idea about the piece of writing. We need only the information. We do this by reading very quickly. Our eyes move across and down the page, looking for a single word or number. When we find it, we stop and read more carefully. In this exercise, you will try to answer the questions below by scanning a page of the story "A Cub-Pilot's Education." The answer to each question can be found on the page given. In front of each question is an underlined word or phrase. Let your eyes move quickly across and down the page. When they find the underlined name or number, stop. Read more carefully, and find the answer to the

question. Try to answer each question in 30 seconds or less. a. page 56 Keokuk Did the steamboat come up-river or down river from Keokuk? b. page 56 New Orleans How old was the boy when he ran away to New Orleans? c. page 59 Twelve-Mile Point Was the boy interested in TwelveMile Point? d. page 61 Apple Bend Did the boy know the shape of Apple Bend? e. page 62 Island 66 Was the bend there easy, or difficult? 54

A CUBPILOT 'S EDUCATION adapted from the story by

MARK TWAIN

Mark Twain's real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He was born in 1835 in Missouri. As a boy, he lived in a small town on the Mississippi River. His most famous books, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, are about boyhood and the Mississippi. Because of these books, Mark Twain became America's most famous and best-loved writer. He died in 1910 at

the age of seventy-five. The following story is from his book Life on the Mississippi.

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I ll the boys in my village wanted to be the same thing: a steamboat pilot. Our village lay on the great Mississippi River. Once a day, at noon, a steamboat came up from St. Louis. Later, at one o'clock, another came down from Keokuk. Before these hours, the day was full and bright with waiting. After them, the day was a dead and empty thing. 2 I can see that old time now. The white town sleeps in the morning sun. The streets are empty. Some animals walk near the buildings. The waters of the Mississippi are quiet and still. A man who has drunk too much lies peacefully near the river. Other men sit outside their stores in chairs. They look at the town and don't talk much. 3 Then a worker cries, "S-t-e-a-m-boat coming!" And everything changes! The man who has drunk too much gets up and runs. Suddenly the streets are full. Men, women, and children run to the steamboat landing. The animals make a hundred different noises. The town wakes up! 4 The steamboat that comes toward the town is long and pretty. Her big wheel turns and turns. Everybody looks at her and at the men who live on her. The pilot stands tallest, the center of everything, the king. Slowly the steamboat comes to the landing. Men take things off the boat and bring other things on. In ten minutes she is gone again. The town goes back to sleep. But the

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boys of the town the boat. They the pilot. And they don't forget. 5 I was fifteen then, and I ran away from home. I went to New Orleans. There I met a pilot named Mr. Bixby. I said 1 wanted to be his cub-pilot, or learner. He said no — but only once. I said yes a hundred times. So in the end I won. He said he would teach me the river. He didn't smile or

A CUB-PILOT'S EDUCATION 59

laugh, but I was the happiest boy in that city. 6 We left New Orleans at four o'clock one afternoon. Mr. Bixby was at the wheel. Here at the beginning of the river, there were a lot of steamboats. Most of them were at landings on the sides of the river. We went past them quickly, very close to them. Suddenly Mr. Bixby said, "Here. You steer her." And he gave me the wheel. My heart was in my mouth. I thought it was very dangerous, close to those other boats. I began to steer into the middle of the river. In the middle, there was enough water for everybody. 7 "What are you doing?" Mr. Bixby cried angrily. He pushed me away and took the wheel again. And again he steered us near the other boats. After a while, he became a little cooler. He told me that water runs fast in the middle of a river. At the sides, it runs slow. "So if you're going upriver, you have to steer near the sides. You can go in the middle only if you're going down-river." Well, that was good enough for me. I decided to be a down-river pilot only. 8 Sometimes Mr. Bixby showed me points of land. This is Six-Mile Point," he said. The land pointed like a finger into the water. Another time, he said, "This is NineMile Point." It looked like Six-Mile Point to me. Later, he said, "This is Twelve-Mile Point." Well, this wasn't very interesting news. All the points seemed the same. 9 After six hours of this, we had supper and went to bed. Even bed was more interesting than the "points." At midnight, someone put a light in my eyes. "Hey, let's go!" 10 Then he left. I couldn't understand this. I decided to go back to sleep. Soon the man came again with his light; now he was angry. "Wake up!" he called. I was angry, too, and said, "Don't put that light in my eyes! How can I sleep if you wake me up every minute?" 11 All the men in the room laughed at this. The man left again, but came back soon with Mr. Bixby. One minute later I was climbing the steps to the pilot-house. Some of

my clothes were on me. The rest were in my hands. Mr. Bixby walked behind me, angry. Now, here was something interesting: Pilots worked in the middle of the night! 12 And that night was a bad one. There was a lot of 60

GREAT AMERICAN STORIES

mist on the river. You could not see through it. Where were we going? I was frightened. But Mr. Bixby turned the wheel easily and happily. He told me we had to find a farm. Jones Farm. To myself I said, "Okay, Mr. Bixby. You can try all night. But you'll never find anything in this mist." 13 Suddenly Mr. Bixby turned to me and said, "What's the name of the first point above New Orleans?" 14 I answered very quickly. I said I didn't know. 15 "Don't know?" 16 The loudness of his voice surprised me. But 1 couldn't answer him. 17 "Well, then," he said, "What's the name of the next point?" 18 Again I didn't know. 19 "Now, look! After Twelve-Mile Point, where do you cross the river?" 20 "I-I-I don't know." 21 "You-you-you don't know? Well, what do you know?" 22 "I — nothing, it seems." 23 "Nothing? Less than nothing! You say you want to pilot a steamboat on the river? My boy, you couldn't pilot a cow down a street! Why do you think I told you the names of those points?" 24 "Well, to-to —be interesting, I thought" 25 "What?! To be interesting?" Now he was very angry. He walked across the pilot-house and back again. This cooled him down. "My boy," he said more softly, "You must get a little notebook. I will tell you many names of places on this river. You must write them all down. Then

you must them. All of them. That is the only way to become a pilot." 26 My heart fell. I never ed things easily in school. But also I didn't fully believe Mr. Bixby. No one, I thought, could know all of the Mississippi. No one could put that great river inside his head. 27 Then Mr. Bixby pulled a bell. A worker's voice came up from below. 28 "What's this, sir?" 29 "Jones Farm," Mr. Bixby said.

A CUB-PILOT'S EDUCATION 61

30 I could see nothing through the mist. And Mr. Bixby could see nothing. I knew that. So I didn't believe him. How could I? We were in the middle of nowhere! But soon the boat's nose softly hit the landing. Workers' voices came up to us. I still couldn't believe it, but this was Jones Farm!

II 31 And so, slowly, I began to put the Mississippi River inside my head. I filled a notebook — I filled two notebooks — with names from the river. Islands, towns, points, bends in the river. The names of all these things went into my notebooks. And slowly some of them began to go into my head. Then more of them. I began to feel better about myself. I was beginning to learn the river. 32 Then one day Mr. Bixby said to me, "What is the shape of Apple Bend?" 33 T h e shape of Apple Bend?" 34 "Yes, of course." 35 "I know the name of Apple Bend. I know where it is. Don't tell me I have to know the shape of it, too!" 36 Mr. Bixby's mouth went off like a gun, bang! He shot all his bad words at me. Then, as always, he cooled. "My boy," he said, "You must learn the shape of this river and everything on it. If you don't know the shape, you can't steer at night And of course the river has two shapes. One during the day, and one at night." 37 "Oh, no!" 38 "Oh, yes. Look: How can you walk through a room at home in the dark? Because you know the shape of it. You can't see it" 39 "You mean I must know this river like the rooms at home?" 40 "No. I mean you must know it better than the rooms at home." 41 "I want to die."

42 "My boy, I don't want you to be sad or angry. But there is more." 43 "All right Tell me everything. Give it to me!" 44 "I'm sorry, but you must learn these things. There is

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no other way. Now, a night with stars throws shadows. Dark shadows change the shape of the river. You think you are coming to a bend, but there is no bend. And this is different from a night with no stars. On a night with no stars, the river has a different shape. You think there are no bends, but there are bends. And of course, on a night with mist, the river has no shape. You think you are going to steer the boat onto the land. But then suddenly you see that it's water, not land. Well. Then you have your moonlight nights. Different kinds of moonlight change the shape of the river again. And there are different kinds of shadows, too. Different shadows bring different shapes to the river. You see —" 45 "Oh, stop!" I cried. "You mean I have to learn the thousand million different shapes of this river?" 46 "No, no! You only learn the shape of the river. The one shape. And you steer by that. Don't you understand? You steer by the river that's in your head. Forget the one that's before your eyes." 47 "I see. And you think that's easy." 48 "I never said it was easy. And of course the river is always, always changing shape. The river of this week is different from the river of last week. And next week it will be different again." 49 "All right. Goodbye. I'm going home." 50 But of course I didn't go home. I stayed. I wanted to learn. I needed to learn. And day by day, month by month, I did learn. The river was my school. Slowly I began to think I was a good student. I could steer the boat alone, without Mr. Bixby's help. I knew the river like the rooms of my house — no, better. I could steer at night, by the shape of the river in my head. No cub-pilot was better, I thought. Oh, my nose was very high in the air! 51 Of course, Mr. Bixby saw this. And he decided to teach me another lesson. 52 One beautiful summer's day we were near the bend above Island 66. I had the wheel. We were in the middle of the river. It was easy water, deep and wide. 53 Mr. Bixby said, "I am going below for a while. Do 64 GREAT AMERICAN STORIES you know how to run the next bend?"

54 A strange question! It was perhaps the easiest bend in the river. I knew it well. It began at a little island. The river was wide there, and more man a hundred feet deep. There was no possible danger. 55 "Know how to run it? Why, I can run it with my eyes closed!" 56 "How much water is there in it?" 57 "What kind of question is that? There's more water there than in the Atlantic Ocean." 58 "You think so, do you?" 59 He left, and soon I began to worry. There was something in his voice.... 60 I didn't know it, but Mr. Bixby had stayed close to the pilot-house. I couldn't see him, but he was talking to some of the men. Soon a worker came and stood in front of the pilot-house. He looked a little worried. We were near the island at the beginning of the bend. Another man came and stood with the first. He looked worried, too. Then another. They looked at me, then at the water, then at me again. Soon there were fifteen or twenty people out there in front of me. No one said anything. The noise of the engines suddenly seemed loud to me. 61 Then one of them said in a strange voice, "Where is Mr. Bixby?" 62 "Below," I said. The man turned away and said nothing more. 63 Now I became very worried. I steered a little to the right. I thought I saw danger! I steered to the left. More danger! I wanted to go slower. I wanted to stop the engines. I didn't know what I wanted. 64 In the end I called down to the engine room. "How deep is it here? Can you tell me soon? Please be quick!" 65 "Forty feet," came the voice. He had the answer already! Forty feet! It couldn't be! Why, the water there was as deep as... 66 "Thirty-five," he said in a worried voice. "Thirtytwo! Twenty-eight!"

67 I couldn't believe it! I ran to the wheel, pulled a

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bell, stopped the engines. 68 "Eighteen!" came the voice. "Fifteen! Thirteen! Ten!" 69 Ten feet! I was filled with fear now. I did not know what to do. I called loudly down to the man in the engine room. "Back!" I called. "Please, Ben, back her! Back her! Oh, Ben, if you love me, back her now!" 70 I heard the door close softly. I looked around, and there stood Mr. Bixby. He smiled a sweet smile at me. Then all the people in front of the pilot-house began to laugh. I understood it all now, and I felt two feet tall. I started the engines again. I steered to the middle of the river without another word. After a while, I said, "That was kind and loving of you, wasn't it? I think I'll hear that story the rest of my life." 71 "Well, perhaps you will. And that won't be a bad thing. I want you to learn something from this. Didn't you know there was a hundred feet of water at that bend?" 72 "Yes, I did." 73 "All right, then. If you know a thing, you must believe it — and deeply. The river is in your head, ? And another thing. If you get into a dangerous place, don't turn and run. That doesn't help. You must fight fear, always. And on the river there is always fear." 74 It was a good lesson, perhaps his best lesson. And I never forgot it. But I can tell you, it cost a lot to learn it. Every day for weeks and weeks I had to hear those difficult words: "Oh, Ben, if you love me, back her!" GREAT AMERICAN STORIES

A CUB-PILOT'S EDUCATION EXERCISES A. Understanding the Main Ideas Answer the following questions with complete sentences.

1. Why did all the boys in Twain's village want to be steamboat pilots? 2. What did the village look like before the steamboat came every day? 3. Why did Mr. Bixby give the boy the wheel on their first trip up the river? Why did he take it back again? 4. Why was the boy surprised when the boat reached Jones Farm? 5. Did the boy learn slowly or quickly? Why? 6. What was the "best lesson" the boy learned from Mr. Bixby? How did Mr. Bixby teach this lesson? B. Close Reading Read the sentence from the story. Then answer the question about the sentence. Note: Questions 1-6 are about Part I (pages 56-61). Questions 7-12 are about Part II (pages 61-65). 1. "Then a worker cries 'S-t-e-a-m-boat coming!' And everything changes!" (paragraph 3) What were some of these changes? 2. "So in the end I won." (paragraph 5) What did the boy win? How did he win it? 3. "I began to steer into the middle of the river." (paragraph 6) Why did the boy do this? 4. "Well, that was good enough for me. I decided to be a downriver pilot only." (paragraph 7) Why did the boy decide this? Why was it easier to steer

A CUB-PILOT's EDUCATION 67

down-river than up-river? 5. "All the men in the room laughed at this." (paragraph 11) What did the men laugh at? 6. "My heart fell." (paragraph 26) What does this mean? Why did it happen? 7. "And so, slowly, I began to put the Mississippi River inside my head." (paragraph 31) What made the boy decide to do this? How did he do it? 8. "You steer by the river that's in your head. Forget the one that's before your eyes." (paragraph 46) Did Mr. Bixby say this about daytime steering or nighttime steering? Why? 9. "Oh, my nose was very high in the air!" (paragraph 50) Why did the boy feel so good about himself? 10. "Eighteen!" came the voice. "Fifteen! Thirteen! Ten!" (paragraph 68) Why did these numbers frighten the boy? Why did they surprise him? 11. "I understood it all now, and I felt two feet tall." (paragraph 70) What did the boy understand? Why did he feel so small?

C. Discussion 1. A Chinese thinker named Confucius said, "I hear, I forget. I see, I . 1 do, I understand." Does Ben learn most by hearing, seeing, or doing? Do you GREAT AMERICAN STORIES learn best by hearing, seeing, or doing? How do most schools try to teach students? 2. Do you think Mr. Bixby was a good teacher or a bad teacher? Why? Describe the best teacher you had when you were young. What made her or him a good teacher? D. Vocabulary Practice Match each word in Column A with the phrase in Column B that has a similar meaning. Write the number of the word next to the correct phrase. A 1. pilot 2. steer

B machine troubled in the mind

3. shape not safe 4. worried outline; form; appearance give direction

5. engine 6. dangerous

to "driver" of a boat or plane

E. Word Forms From the chart below, choose the form of the word that best fits the sentence that follows it.

Example: (kind) They showed me a lot of kindness at their home. Noun

Adjective

Adverb

Verb

kindness peace point worry

kind peaceful pointed worried

kindly peacefully pointedly worriedly

point worry

A CUB-PILOT'S EDUCATION 69

coolness cool coolly cool danger dangerous dangerously loudness loud loudly easiness easy easily ease interest interesting interestingly interest 1. (peace) The man who has drunk too much lies near the river. 2. (point) In some places, the land like a finger into the river. 3. (worry) The men in front of the pilot-house haD faces. 4. (cool) He was very angry at first, but after a while, he 5. (danger) The river can be very it is covered with mist. 6. (loud) The boy. 7. (easy) It was

when

of his voice surprised the

the

bend in the river.

8. (interest) I didn't tell you those things just to be

F. Language Activity: Crossword Puzzle On the following page, find the word that explains or completes the sentence, or answers the question. Write the word in the right boxes, one letter for each box. Some words go across, some down. The first letter of each word is given. Number 1 Across has been done for you.

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Across 1. One way to travel down the Mississippi River(S) 2. If you don't know the of the river, you can't find your way at night. (S) 3. Mr. Bixby (P) 4. The boy turned it to the left and to the right. (W) 5. "Why do you think I told you the names of all those points? To be ?" (I)

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Down 1. It can change the shape of the river. (S) 2. Mr. Bixby would usually get before he got cool. (H) 3. What did the boy begin to do with the boat on his first day as cub-pilot? (S)

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4. What was the boy in, when Mr. Bixby got him at midnight? (B) 5. The nose of the boat softly touched the

at Jones Farm. (L)

6. No one could see through the on the river. (M) G. Writing: Mr. Bixby and Ben Make Plans In the story, Ben is the man in the engine room. When the boy calls down to him to ask how deep the water is, he answers "forty feet" — but really the water is much deeper than that. Mr. Bixby has made a plan with Ben to fool the boy. Write a dialogue between Ben and Mr. Bixby. In your dialogue, show how they made their plan. What do they say, exactly, when they decide that • • • • • • • • • •

they will teach the young cub a lesson they will make him think that the deep water is not deep they will leave him alone in the pilot house they will tell the other workers to come and stand in front of the pilot-house and look worried the boy will get worried one of the workers will ask for Mr. Bixby. The boy will get even more worried he will try to steer away from danger he will call down to the engine room to find how deep the water is Ben will say "forty feet" at first — then less and less • the boy will try to stop the boat then he ...