33.pedal Powered Electricity Generator.docx 16423j

CHAPTER NO

TITLE

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SYNOPSIS 1

INTRODUCTION

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LITERATURE SURVEY

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DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

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DIAGRAM

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WORKING PRINCIPLE

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MECHANISM OF OPERATION

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FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF

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MATERIALS 8

FABRICATION AND TESTING

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

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CONSLUSION

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PHOTOGRAPHY

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SYNOPSIS Energy conservation is a topical issue and this design proffered an efficient method of doing so. The design was originally conceived to meet the energy needs of those living in rural areas, due to poor access to electricity and also as a model for gym centers and cycle workout studios. Most persons living in these rural areas possess at least a cell phone but lack the means to charge them. This study focused on the design and fabrication of a pedal operated power generator, for the intents of burning fats while yet generating electricity. The power generator was designed to be simple, cheap, durable and easily maintained. It was fabricated using locally sourced materials and is intended to encourage local ingenuity and empower aspiring entrepreneurs especially in developing countries. Its purpose is to efficiently transfer human foot motion less than 60 rpm via a treadle and sprocket-chain step-up to drive a 12V DC permanent magnet generator. The inverter converts the direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) which is needed to charge low voltage devices like mobile phones, laptops etc.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In today’s world when the advancement in technology is at its peak and the impact of these technology over the human health is also point of concern. As the technology is advancing the physical activities are getting reduced. This in turn is not a good sign. In Indian urban areas people use bicycle very rarely and also they had become slave to their electronic gadgets. They are spoiling their health over them. But if they use the portable cycle mob charger it would encourage them to do more physical exercises through cycling. During cycling they can enjoy their gadgets such as phone, tablets, GPS etc. In rural areas due to unscheduled power cutoff people don’t have any mode of Communication so in that case this portable cycle mob charger is the solution. Now, Why pedaling for electricity? The cost of one KWh as your electricity company sells is Rs 5 in my place and earning this through pedal power would take me 5 hours. Not much of an incentive to think about pedal generators. Still the need for pedal power generation seems to exist, as frequent e-mail requests tell me. Ill, pedal power can be made available anywhere, it requires no fuel, is available both day and night, the equipment is inexpensive and needs almost no maintenance. Addresses three key use cases: 1. Charging batteries for small, portable devices while traveling on a bicycle 2. Generating as much electrical Power as possible on a stationary pedal generator 3. Powering up Electronic devices using the concept of cycle dynamo on stationary mode.

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There is one obvious challenge to offering mobile phones in emerging markets: the availability of electricity to charge a mobile phone. You can’t expect people to be driving around cars with chargers when most in the market might be riding bicycles. That’s one reason that the biggest mobile manufacturing company has announced the Nokia Bicycle Charger Kit. The kit not only allows a bicycle to charge a phone while they ride it also could create a micro-business for individuals who could offer mobile phone charging services for a fee using a bicycle. For those in non-emerging markets, the solution also introduces a green way to keep your mobile phone charged without having to plug it into the electrical grid. The kit includes a holder, charger and a small electrical generator which utilizes the movement of the bicycle’s wheels to charge the phone through a 2mm charging jack used on most Nokia phones. The Nokia Bicycle Charger Kit is expected to be available before the end of the year and will be available through select retail locations and online. The use of fossil fuels and other non-reusable sources of energy must be reduced in order to keep emissions low and alleviate the use of diminishing resources. The idea of human powered generation has been implemented in any different situations. Some examples include hand-crank radios, shaking flashlights, and receiving power from gym equipment (William and Jeffrey, 2012). The use of exercise equipment for a clean source of energy would turn out to be an even more fun experience for participants; it would provide them a means to exercise while indirectly generating power. The pedal operated power generator utilizes human energy to produce electricity quickly and efficiently. The goal is to provide technological solution to problem in the rural world by using detailed opportunity recognition, evaluation, and development of prototype. The prototypes are then turned over to the developing world for manufacturing, distribution and use. Less commonly, pedal power is used to power agricultural and hand tools and even to generate electricity. Some applications include pedal powered laptops, pedal powered grinders and pedal powered water wells. Some third world development projects currently transform used bicycles 4

into pedal powered tools for sustainable development. Using human powered generation gives a power source that is not directly derived from natural sources. An example is that a human powered generator can be operated if there is no sun for solar generation, no wind for wind generation, and no water for hydro generation. The power generated from pedal is perfect for remote areas, hilly regions, strategic location, Islands etc., where electricity generation is scanty if not nil. In these situations, a small portable power generating unit would be of great help to provide power supply to charge battery-operated gadgets like mobile phones, lamps, radio, communication devices, etc. It is important to visualize new ways to bring power to the people as population continues to grow and power shortages continue to occur. Much of the power that is provided to people today is done in very un-sustainable ways; new ideas are needed to transit into a post cheap-petroleum era. This design relates to very compact and easily portable power-generating unit, which besides being used as a power generator can also be used as cycle exerciser. It serves dual purpose of power generation and helping the person to maintain physical fitness through exercise of muscles of legs. It can be pedalled or cranked by hand/foot to charge 12 volt batteries and run small appliances.

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY Throughout human history, energy has generally been applied through the use of the arms, hands, and back. With minor exceptions, it was only with the invention of the sliding-seat rowing shell, and particularly of the bicycle, that legs also began to be considered as a "normal" means of developing power from human muscles (Wilson, 1986). Over the centuries, the treadle has been the most common method of using the legs to produce power. Treadles are still common in the low-power range, especially for sewing machines. Historically, two treadles were used for some tasks, but even then the maximum output would have been quite small, perhaps only 0-15 percent of what an individual using pedal operated cranks can produce under optimum conditions. However, the combination of pedals and cranks, which today seems an obvious way to produce power, was not used for that purpose until quite recently. It was almost 50 years after Karl von Krais invented the steerable foot-propelled bicycle in 1817 that Pierre Michaud added pedals and cranks, and started the enormous wave of enthusiasm for bicycling that has lasted to the present. Ever since the arrival of fossil fuels and electricity, human powered tools and machines have been viewed as an obsolete technology. This makes it easy to forget that there has been a great deal of progress in their design, largely improving their productivity. The most efficient mechanism to harvest human energy appeared in the late 19th century: pedaling. Stationary pedal powered machines went through a boom in the turn of the 20 century,but the arrival of cheap electricity and fossil fuel abruptly stopped all further development (Kris, 2011). Otto Von Guericke is credited with building the first electrical machine in 1660. This form of electricity precedes electromagnetic energy which dominates today. The landscape for today's electricity usage practices bloomed from 1831 to 1846 with theoretical and experimental work from Faraday, Weber and Gauss in the relationship of current, magnetic fields and force. These theories enabled the design modern motors and generators.

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From 1880 to 1900, there was a period of rapid development in electrical machines. Thus this section reviews the works that has been done on human power generation.

2.2 Early Development Studies in power generation shows that bicycling is one of the most efficient form of power generation known, in of energy expended per person. McCullagh, (1977) gives us an insight into the test conducted by Staurt Wilson using a 24V (at 1800rpm), 20A generator to charge a 12V car battery. A belt-drive was used to connect a 15.5” diameter bike flywheel to a 2.5” diameter pulley that turned the generator. During this test, an average cyclist produced 75W of sustainable electrical power 12V (900rpm) for a period of one hour. In 1980, Carl Nowiszewski a mechanical student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology worked with Professor David Gordon Wilson on a design of a human powered generator which when built will serve as an auxiliary control function in a sail boat in an Atlantic crossing. The energy storage was primarily for automatic steering while the pilot sleep and the pedaling was a way of keeping warm and avoid boredom. The overwhelming problem in the design was the cramped quarters which Nowiszewski eventually solved. And then in 1988, George Alexander Holt III designed a human powered generator using recumbent bicycle technology for use in a sail boat using 6061-T6 aluminum; he built a light weight foldable apparatus. The human power requirement was 120watt at 75rpm (George, 1988).

2.3 Recent Development Mohd and others (2013) discussed charkha device in India, stated that spinning wheel horizontally could be rotated by a cord encircling a large, hand-driven wheel where the fiber is held in the left hand and the wheel slowly turned with the right. Holding the fiber at a slight angle to the spindle produced the necessary twist. Jansen and Slob (2003) improved the power generation system known as “Better Water Maker” (BWM) water disinfection system. The BWM was designed for use where water is unsafe for drinking and electricity is scare. The BWM utilizes a manual hand crank to provide power to its pump. They also studied one hand cranking and found that 50w of power could be sustained for up to 30 minutes, which is more than double the 17w required by the BWM.

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As early as 2007, fitness facilities around the world have begun researching applications for converting human power to electricity. The California Fitness facility in Hong Kong was one of the first gym establishments to incorporate human powered machines. Started by French inventor Lucien Gambarota and entrepreneur Doug Woodring, the gym began a program called “Powered by YOU” in which the excess energy generated by on 13-step cycling and cross training machines is diverted and converted to power lighting fixtures in the gym (Gerard, 2008). Maha and Kimberly (2010), in the Proceedings of ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability made us to understand that other gyms in the United States began to harness human power as well. The Dixon Recreation Center at Oregon State University (OSU) is one of the many facilities retrofitted between the years 2008 and 2009 by the Clearwater, Florida based company known as ReRev. The company retrofitted 22 elliptical machines at OSU so that the excess energy generated by patrons was diverted to the electric grid. According to the company’s website, “An elliptical machine in regular use at a gym using ReRev technology will generate one kilowatt-hour of electricity every two days.” th

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CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS PEDAL

Figure No.3.4 Pedal Pedal is the part of the rider push for foot to propel by the vehicle. Pedal were initially Attached to crank connecting directly to the driven front plate. The pedals were attached to a plate it is transmitting power to drum. Pedals usually consist of a spindle that threads into the end of the crank and a body, on which the foot rests or is attached, that is free to rotate on bearings with respect to the spindle. 3.5 Types of Pedal 3.5.1 Flat and Platform Pedal

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Figure No.3.5.1 Flat & Platform Pedal Traditionally platform pedals were pedals with a relatively large flat area for the foot to rest on, in contrast to the quill pedal which had very little surface area. One form of the platform pedal had a large flat top area and flat bottom for use with toe clips and toe straps. They were designed for greater comfort when using shoes with less than rigid soles. They typically had a smaller cut away underside giving greater cornering clearance, which was often needed for track cycling. They were often marketed as being more aerodynamic than conventional quill pedal. Attaching the shoes to the pedals gives the more control over the pedal movements. There are two methods for attaching a cyclist's shoes to their pedals toe clips, a basket and strap device which hold the foot in place and so called clippie’s pedals, where specialized shoes with built in bindings attach to compatible pedals. In mountain biking and platform pedals typically refer to any flat pedal without a cage. Riders typically use plastic pedals made of nylon, polycarbonate, or carbon reinforced plastic, although aluminum alloy and magnesium are not uncommon pedal body materials. Mountain bikers tend to use aluminum or magnesium because of the necessary use of metal studs to offer grip while the pedals are wet muddy and slippery tend to prefer platforms to cage pedals because they offer more and grip for flexible shoes by using short metal studs. Cage pedals are more popular in the low end mountain bike range. In general cage pedals are uncommon in all types of biking, although there is a niche market within mountain biking. Platform pedals are available in a wide variety of types and prices, ranging from disposable plastic units used for test rides on new bicycles to high end downhill models. Budget models may be made of steel or aluminum and 10

incorporate reflectors for safer riding on streets at night. Less expensive platform pedals are generally considered disposable and cannot be rebuilt when worn out. 3.5.2 Magnetic Pedal

Figure No.3.5.2 Magnetic Pedal Magnetic pedals were introduced as early as 1897, and they Exist Magnet flux road was available in 1996. Norbert Sadler and Wolfgang filed for a patent in 2005 and it has not been granted as of 2012. Cage pedals are more popular in the low end mountain bike range. In general cage pedals are uncommon in all types of biking, although there is a niche market within mountain biking. Platform pedals are available in a wide variety of types and prices, ranging from disposable plastic units used for test rides on new bicycles to high end downhill

models

Established

bicycle

component

manufacturer Magnetic,

introduced a magnetic pedal and dedicated shoe for casual riding in 2009. Others have received mixed reviews.

3.5.3 Clip less Pedal Clip less pedals require a special cycling shoe with a cleat fitted to the sole, which locks into

a mechanism in the pedal and thus holds the shoe firmly to the 11

pedal. Most clip less pedals lock onto the cleat when stepped on firmly and unlock when the heel is twisted outward, although in some cases the locking mechanism is built into the cleat instead of the pedal. Clip less refers to the toe clip having been replaced by a locking mechanism and not to platform pedals which would normally not have to clips.

Figure No.3.5.3 Clip less Pedal

The clip less pedal was invented by Charles Hanson in 1895. It allowed the rider to twist the shoe to lock and unlock and had rotational float (the freedom to rotate the shoe slightly to prevent t strain). The clip less pedal designed and produced by his company in 1971. It used a plastic shoe cleat which slid into grooves in the pedal and locked in place with a small lever located on the back side of the pedal body. To release the shoe a rider had to reach down and operate the lever, similar to the way a racing cyclist had to reach down and loosen the toes trap. The lever was placed on the outside edge of the pedal so that in the event of a fall the lever hitting the ground would release the foot. The pedal was designed for racing, in particular track racing, and because of the need to reach them to unclip they have been referred to as "death 12

cleats".In1984, the French company Look applied downhill snow skiing binding or cleat technology to pedals producing the first widely used clip less pedals. Initially used by in order to facilitate faster transitions. Bernard's victory in Tour de in 1985 then helped secure the acceptance of quick release clip less pedal systems by cyclists. Those pedals and compatible models by other manufacturers remain in widespread use today. The cleat is engaged by simply pushing down and forward on the pedal, or, with some designs, by twisting the cleat in sideways. Then, instead of loosening or pulling a lever, the cyclist releases a foot from the pedal by twisting the heel outward. 3.5.4 Attachment The pedal spindle is threaded to match a threaded hole at the outboard end of the cranks. Multispecies cranks have a 14.2875 mm hole with 20 Teeth (a diameter per pitch combination fairly unique to this application). One-piece cranks use a 12.7 mm by 20 hole. French pedal spindles use

14 x 1.25 (14 mm or 0.55 in

metric diameter with 1.25 mm or 0.049 in pitch) threads, and thread loosely into a 9/16 pedal hole. The threading size is often stamped into the crank, near the pedal hole. The right side (usually the drive-side) pedal spindle is right hand threaded, and the left side usually the non drive side pedal spindle is left hand (reverse) threaded to help prevent it from becoming loose by an effect called precession. Although the left pedal turns clockwise on its bearing relative to the crank and would seem to tighten a right hand thread, the force from the rider's foot presses the spindle against the crank thread at a point which rolls around clockwise with respect to the crank, thus slowly pulling the outside of the pedal spindle anticlockwise (counterclockwise) because of friction and thus would loosen a right-hand thread. 13

For a short time in the early 1980, Shimano made pedals and matching cranks that had a 25.4 mm by 24 teeth per inch interface. This was to allow a larger single bearing, as these pedals were designed to work with just one bearing on the crank side rather than the conventional design of one smaller bearing on each side. The pedal was invented by Charles Hanson in 1895. It allowed the rider to twist the shoe to lock and unlock and had rotational float (the freedom to rotate the shoe slightly to prevent t strain). The clip less pedal designed and produced by his company in 1971. It used a plastic shoe cleat which slid into grooves in the pedal and locked in place with a small lever located on the back side of the pedal body. To release the shoe a rider had to reach down and operate the lever, similar to the way a racing cyclist had to reach down and loosen the toes trap.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the line. A popular three pin +12 V DC voltage regulator IC. Measures of regular quality: 14

The output voltage can only be held roughly constant; the regulation is specified by two measurements: load regulation is the change in output voltage for a given change in load current (for example: "typically 15 mV, maximum 100 mV for load currents between 5 mA and 1.4 A, at some specified temperature and input voltage"). · line regulation or input regulation is the degree to which output voltage changes with input (supply) voltage changes - as a ratio of output to input change (for example "typically 13 mV/V"), or the output voltage change over the entire specified input voltage range (for example "plus or minus 2% for input voltages between 90 V and 260 V, 50-60 Hz"). Other important parameters are: · Temperature coefficient of the output voltage is the change with temperature (perhaps averaged over a given temperature range). · Initial accuracy of a voltage regulator (or simply "the voltage accuracy") reflects the error in output voltage for a fixed regulator without taking into temperature or aging effects on output accuracy. · Dropout voltage is the minimum difference between input voltage and output voltage for which the regulator can still supply the specified current. A low drop-out (LDO) regulator is designed to work well even with an input supply only a volt or so above the output voltage. The input-output differential at which the voltage regulator will no longer maintain regulation is the dropout voltage. Further reduction in input voltage will result in reduced output voltage. This value is dependent on load current and junction temperature. · Absolute maximum ratings are defined for regulator components, specifying the continuous and peak output currents that may be used (sometimes internally limited), the maximum input voltage, maximum power dissipation at a given temperature, etc. · Output noise (thermal white noise) and output dynamic impedance may be specified as graphs versus frequency, while output ripple noise (mains "hum" or switch-mode "hash" noise) may be given as peak-to-peak or RMS voltages, or in of their spectra. Quiescent current in a regulator circuit is the 15

current drawn internally, not available to the load, normally measured as the input current while no load is connected (and hence a source of inefficiency; some linear regulators are, surprisingly, more efficient at very low current loads than switchmode designs because of this). · Transient response is the reaction of a regulator when a (sudden) change of the load current (called the load transient) or input voltage (called the line transient) occurs. Some regulators will tend to oscillate or have a slow response time which in some cases might lead to undesired results. This value is different from the regulation parameters, as that is the stable situation definition. The transient response shows the behaviour of the regulator on a change. This data is usually provided in the technical documentation of a regulator and is also dependent on output capacitance. · Mirror-image insertion protection means that a regulator is designed for use when a voltage, usually not higher than the maximum input voltage of the regulator, is applied to its output pin while its input terminal is at a low voltage, volt-free or grounded. Some regulators can continuously withstand this situation; others might only manage it for a limited time such as 60 seconds, as usually specified in the datasheet. This situation can occur when a three terminal regulator is incorrectly mounted for example on a PCB, with the output terminal connected to the unregulated DC input and the input connected to the load. Mirror-image insertion protection is also important when a regulator circuit is used in battery charging circuits, when externalpower fails or is not turned on and the output terminal remains at battery voltage. Electronic voltage regulator: A simple voltage regulator can be made from a resistor in series with a diode (or series of diodes). Due to the logarithmic shape of diode V-I curves, the voltage across the diode changes only slightly due to changes in current drawn or changes in the input. When precise voltage control and efficiency are not important, this 16

design may work fine. voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element in such a way as to reduce the voltage error. This forms a negative control loop; increasing the open-loop gain tends to increase regulation accuracy but reduce stability (avoidance of oscillation, or ringing during step changes). There will also be a trade-off between stability and the speed of the response to changes. If the output voltage is too low (perhaps due to input voltage reducing or load current increasing), the regulation element is commanded, up to a point, to produce a higher output voltage–by dropping less of the input voltage (for linear series regulators and buck switching regulators), or to draw input current for longer periods (boost-type switching regulators); if the output voltage is too high, the regulation element will normally be commanded to produce a lower voltage. However, many regulators have overcurrent protection, so that they will entirely stop sourcing current (or limit the current in some way) if the output current is too high, and some regulators may also shut down if the input voltage is outside a given range (see also: crowbar circuits). Active regulators employ at least one active (amplifying) component such as a transistor or operational amplifier. Shunt regulators are often (but not always) ive and simple, but always inefficient because they (essentially) dump the excess current not needed by the load. When more power must be supplied, more sophisticated circuits are used. In general, these active regulators can be divided into several classes: · Linear series regulators · Switching regulators · SCR regulators 17

Linear regulators Linear regulators are based on devices that operate in their linear region (in contrast, a switching regulator is based on a device forced to act as an on/off switch). In the past, one or more vacuum tubes were commonly used as thevariable resistance. Modern designs use one or more transistors instead, perhaps within an Integrated Circuit. Linear designs have the advantage of very "clean" output with little noise introduced into their DC output, but are most often much less efficient and unable to step-up or invert the input voltage like switched supplies. All linear regulators require a higher input than the output. If the input voltage approaches the desired output voltage, the regulator will "drop out". The input to output voltage differential at which this occurs is known as the regulator's drop-out voltage.Entire linear regulators are available as integrated circuits. These chips come in either fixed or adjustable voltage types. Switching regulators Switching regulators rapidly switch a series device on and off. The duty cycle of the switch sets how much charge is transferred to the load. This is controlled by a similar mechanism as in a linear regulator. Because the series element is either fully conducting, or switched off, it dissipates almost no power; this is what gives the switching design its efficiency. Switching regulators are also able to generate output voltages which are higher than the input, or of opposite polarity — something not possible with a linear design. Like linear regulators, nearly-complete switching regulators are also available as integrated circuits. Unlike linear regulators, these usually require one external component: an inductor that acts as the energy storage element. (Large-valued inductors tend to be physically large relative to almost all other kinds of componentry, so they are rarely fabricated within integrated circuits and IC regulators — with some exceptions.[1][2]) Comparing linear vs. switching 18

regulators The two types of regulators have their different advantages:· Linear regulators are best when low output noise (and low RFI radiated noise) is required · Linear regulators are best when a fast response to input and outputdisturbances is required. At low levels of power, linear regulators are cheaper and occupy less printed circuit board space. · Switching regulators are best when power efficiency is critical (such as in portable computers), except linear regulators are more efficient in a small number of cases (such as a 5V microprocessor often in "sleep" mode fed from a 6V battery, if the complexity of the switching circuit and the junction capacitance charging current means a high quiescent current in the switching regulator). · Switching regulators are required when the only power supply is a DC voltage, and a higher output voltage is required. · At high levels of power (above a few watts), switching regulators are cheaper (for example, the cost of removing heat generated is less). SCR regulators Regulators powered from AC power circuits can use silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs) as the series device. Whenever the output voltage is below the desired value, the SCR is triggered, allowing electricity to flow into the load until the AC mains voltage es through zero (ending the half cycle). SCR regulators have the advantages of being both very efficient and very simple, but because they can not terminate an on-going half cycle of conduction, they are not capable of very accurate voltage regulation in response to rapidly-changing loads. An alternative is the SCR shunt regulator which uses the regulator output as a trigger, both series and shunt designs are noisy, but powerful, as the device has a low on resistance.

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DYNAMO A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also, converting alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more recently solid state) is effective and usually economic. The word dynamo (from the Greek word dynamis; meaning power) was originally another name for an electrical generator, and still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. A small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel to power lights is called a hub dynamo, although these are invariably AC devices. "Dynamo Electric Machine" (end view, partly section, U.S. Patent 284,110) Description: The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. The motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal, creating anelectric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant

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magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils. The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is essentially a rotary switch. It consists of a set of s mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with graphite-block stationary s, called "brushes", because the earliest such fixed s were metal brushes. The commutator reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced. Discovery of electric motor principles While not originally designed for the purpose, it was discovered that a dynamo can act as an electric motor when supplied with direct current from a battery or another dynamo. At an industrial exhibition in Vienna in 1873, Gramme noticed that the shaft of his dynamo began to spin when its terminals were accidentally connected to another dynamo producing electricity. Although this wasn't the first demonstration of an electric motor, it was the first practical one. It was found that the same design features which make a dynamo efficient also make a motor efficient. The efficient Gramme design, with small magnetic air gaps and many coils of wire attached to a many-segmented commutator, also became the basis for the design of all practical DC motors. Large dynamos producing direct current were problematic in situations where two or more dynamos are working together and one has an engine running at a lower power than the other. The 21

dynamo with the stronger engine will tend to drive the weaker as if it were a motor, against the rotation of the weaker engine. Such reverse-driving could feed back into the driving engine of a dynamo and cause a dangerous out of control reversespinning condition in the lower-power dynamo. It was eventually determined that when several dynamos all feed the same power source all the dynamos must be locked into synchrony using a jackshaft interconnecting all engines and rotors to counter these imbalances. Dynamo as commutated DC generator: After the discovery of the AC Generator and that alternating current can in fact be useful for something, the word dynamo became associated exclusively with the commutated DC electric generator, while an AC electrical generator using either slip rings or rotor magnets would become known as an alternator. An AC electric motor using either slip rings or rotor magnets was referred to as a synchronous motor, and a commutated DC motor could also be calledan electric motor though with the understanding that it could in principle operate as a generator. Rotary converter development: After dynamos and motors were found to allow easy conversion back and forth between mechanical or electrical power, they were combined in devices called rotary converters, rotating machines whose purpose was not to provide mechanical power to loads but to convert one type of electric current into another, for example DC into AC. They were multi-field single-rotor devices with two or more sets of rotating s (either commutators or sliprings, as required), one to provide power to one set of armature windings to turn the device, and one or more attached to other windings to produce the output current. The rotary converter can directly convert, internally, any type of electric power into any other. This includes converting between direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), three phase and single phase power, 25 Hz AC and 60 Hz 22

AC, or many different output voltages at the same time. The size and mass of the rotor was made large so that the rotor would act as a flywheel to help smooth out any sudden surges or dropouts in the applied power. The technology of rotary converters was replaced in the early 20th century by mercury-vapor rectifiers, which were smaller, did not produce vibration and noise, and required less maintenance. The same conversion tasks are now performed by solid state power semiconductor devices. Rotary converters were still used for the West Side IRT subway in Manhattan into the late 1960s, and possibly some years later. They were powered by 25 Hz AC, and provided DC at 600 volts for the trains. Dynamos still have some uses in low power applications, particularly where low voltage DC is required, since an alternator with a semiconductor rectifier can be inefficient in these applications. Hand cranked dynamos are used in clockwork radios, hand powered flashlights, mobile phone rechargers, and other human powered equipment to recharge batteries.

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Chain A chain is a series of connected links which are typically made of metal. A chain may consist of two or more links. 

Those designed for lifting, such as when used with a hoist; for pulling; or for securing, such as with a bicycle lock, have links that aretorus shaped, which make the chain flexible in two dimensions (The fixed third dimension being a chain's length.)



Those designed for transferring power in machines have links designed to mesh with the teeth of the sprockets of the machine, and are flexible in only one dimension. They are known as roller chains, though there are also non-roller chains such as block chain.

Two distinct chains can be connected using a quick link which resembles a carabiner with a screw close rather than a latch.

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CHAPTER 4 DIAGRAM

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CHAPTER 5 WORKING PRINCIPLE Principle of Dynamo An electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, generally using electromagnetic induction. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, or any other source of mechanical energy. The Dynamo was the first electrical generator capable of delivering power for industry. The dynamo uses electromagnetic principles to convert mechanical rotation into an alternating electric current. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure which generates a strong magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings which turn within that field. On small machines the magnetic field may be provided by a permanent magnet; larger machines have the magnetic field created by electromagnets. The energy conversion in generator is based on the principle of the production of dynamically induced emf. Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced emf is produced in it according to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic induction. This emf causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed. Hence, two basic essential parts of an electrical generator are (i) a magnetic field and (ii) a conductor or conductors which can so move as to cut the flux.

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CHAPTER 6 MECHANISM OF OPERATION The Pedal Operated Power Generator (POPG) is a type of generators in which the source of mechanical power is provided by the human effort while spinning a shaft, with its corresponding angular speed (ωhuman) and torque (Thuman). Usually, a sort of mechanical transmission system is needed to adapt these variables into the generator’s required ones (ωgen and Tgen). Then, this mechanical power is turned into electric power by the generator (Pout gen). Eventually, Poutgen is converted with the aim of being stored (Pin storage), without damaging the storage system. The principle of using your pedal motion to create the same motion as a motor can be translated to almost any device, and the parts needed are all the same, and in the case of the pedal powered electrical device, the components include: A stationary bike or exercise bike, belt and pulley system, chain drive system, generator,blocking diode, fuse, battery and inverter system

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The voltage induced across the terminals of a wire loop when the magnetic flux ing through the loop varies can be calculated using the following equation:

Where: E = the voltage induced across the terminals of the wire loop, expressed in volts (V). is the number of turns of wire in the loop. ∆ is the variation in intensity of the magnetic flux ing through the wire loop, expressed in Webers (Wb).

∆ is the time interval during which the magnetic flux variationoccurs, expressed in seconds (s)

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CHAPTER 7 FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below. 1. Properties The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service

life, reliability etc. The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their selection  Physical  Mechanical  From manufacturing point of view  Chemical The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc. The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile, Compressive shear bending, torsion and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.

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The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,  Cast ability  Weld ability  Surface properties  Shrinkage  Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing Case Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of special materials. 3. Quality Required This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For example,

it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of

components which can be fabricated

much more economically by welding or

hand forging the steel. 4. Availability of Material Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes obligatory for the designer

to use some other material which though may not be a perfect

substitute for the material designed.

The delivery of materials and the delivery

date of product should also be kept in mind. 5. Space Consideration 30

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are high and space limitations are there. 6. Cost As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an important part and should not be ignored. Some Times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-maintenance of the designed part

are involved in the selection of proper materials.

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CHAPTER 8 FABRICTION AND TESTING

STUDY

FINDING DEMERITS OF OLDER PROCESS

FINDING THE SOLUTION FOR PROBLEMS FGGGGS

IMAGINARY PLAN

COLLECTING THE MATERIAL

FABRICATION

WORKING & ANALYSING

RESULT AND SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK

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CHAPTER 9 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES Portable- it is a portable device which is easily detachable and attachable. 1. No operating cost- it requires only mechanical work so free of any operating cost. 2. Economical- it is free source of electricity, though it require some mechanical work which can be done in any leisure time so it is economical 3. Health improving- Cycling makes one to be fit and healthy. 4. Eco-friendly- Doesn’t emit any kind of harmful substances so it is eco friendly. 5. Robust and simple circuit- This circuit requires only five components which are small in size and robust. This makes it simple in design. 6. Very low maintenance-No need of maintenance as devices are very cheap. 7. Better performance on Li-ion battery: In today’s time the most of the phones use Li-ion battery in their phones so this is necessary for us to give better performance in those but still it’s a disadvantage that it doesn’t give optimal performance on other batteries. 8. Frictional losses: The frictional losses occur because of friction between motor wheel & cycle wheel. 9. High speed disadvantage

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APPLICATIONS Since the Pedal operated cell phone charger is more efficient it is used for mobile charger. All mobile charging applications.

LIMITATIONS 

Less efficiency when compressed to other device.



Leakage of air affects the working of the unit.

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CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION In conclusion, this project was designed to serve as a model/prototype to meet specific need in our locality. The device can also serve as an alternative power source in extreme case scenario even in urban centers. Since the device is manually operated, it can be used in areas where there is no power supply and would always be readily available. The device is environmentally friendly as it produces no waste in the process of its operation, and the device work with little or no noise. The system proved efficient since even with a minimum pedaling speed, the system produced enough voltage required to charge the battery in order for the system to be usable by almost anybody at anytime.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Design data book

-P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool Institute, Bangalore 3. Strength of Materials

-R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufacturing Technology

-M.Haslehurst.

5. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi 

Atkinson, C. J. and Brooks, L. (2005) In the Age of the Humanchine, In Proceedings of International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), AIS, Las Vegas, USA.



Bryant, C. G. A. and Jary, D. (1991) Giddens' theory of structuration : a critical appreciation, Routledge, London.



Callon, M. and Latour, B. (1981) Unscrewing the Big Leviathan: how actors macrostructure reality and how sociologists help them to do so, In Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies.(Eds, Knorr-Cetina, K. D. and Cicoure, A. V.) Routledge and KeganPaul, Boston, Mass, pp. 277-303.



Penston, J. (2007) Patients' preferences shed light on the murky world of guideline-based medicine, Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 13 154-159.

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PHOTOGRAPHY

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